Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve selenium uptake by modulating root transcriptome of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Although selenium (Se) is an essential trace element in humans, the intake of Se from food is still generally inadequate throughout the world. Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) improves the uptake of Se in rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, the mechanism by which AMF improves the uptake of Se in rice at the transcriptome level is unknown. Only a few studies have evaluated the effects of uptake of other elements in rice under the combined effects of Se and AMF. In this study, Se combined with the AMF Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) increased the biomass and Se concentration of rice plants, altered the pattern of ionomics of the rice roots and shoots, and reduced the antagonistic uptake of Se with nickel, molybdenum, phosphorus, and copper compared with the treatment of Se alone, indicating that Fm can enhance the effect of fertilizers rich in Se. Furthermore, a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) showed that the hub genes in modules significantly associated with the genes that contained Se and were related to protein phosphorylation, protein serine/threonine kinase activity, membrane translocation, and metal ion binding, suggesting that the uptake of Se by the rice roots may be associated with these genes when Fm and Se act in concert. This study provides a reference for the further exploration of genes related to Se uptake in rice under Fm treatment

Enhanced Corrosion Resistance of Layered Double Hydroxide Films on Mg Alloy: The Key Role of Cationic Surfactant

In this study, dense anticorrosion magnesium–aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) films were prepared for the first time by introducing a cationic surfactant tetradecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) in the process of in situ hydrothermal synthesis of Mg-Al LDH films on an AZ31 magnesium alloy. Results of XRD, FTIR, and SEM confirmed that TTAB forms the MgAl-LDH-TTAB, although TTAB cannot enter into LDH layers, and MgAl-LDH-TTAB powders are much smaller and more homogenous than MgAl-CO32−-LDH powders. Results of SEM, EDS, mapping, and XPS confirmed that TTAB forms the MgAl-LDH-TTAB films and endows LDH films with denser structure, which provides films with better shielding efficiency. Results of potentiodynamic polarization curves (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that MgAl-LDH-TTABx g films have better corrosion resistance than an MgAl-CO32−-LDH film. The corrosion current density (icorr) of the MgAl-LDH-TTAB0.35 g film in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution was reduced to 1.09 × 10−8 A.cm−2 and the |Z|f = 0.05 Hz value was increased to 4.48 × 105 Ω·cm2. Moreover, the increasing concentration of TTAB in MgAl-LDH-TTABx g (x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.35) provided denser outer layer LDH films and thereby increased the corrosion resistance of the AZ31 Mg alloy. Additionally, the |Z|f = 0.05 Hz values of the MgAl-LDH-TTAB0.35 g film still remained at 105 Ω·cm2 after being immersed in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution for 168 h, implying the good long-term corrosion resistance of MgAl-LDH-TTABx g films. Therefore, introducing cationic surfactant in the process of in situ hydrothermal synthesis can be seen as a novel approach to creating efficient anticorrosion LDH films for Mg alloys

Promoter methylation and genetic alterations levels of SLC35A2 in STAD.

(A) Relationships between SLC35A2 expression and copy number, clinical data (MEXPRESS). (B) Alteration frequency of SLC35A2 in different STAD studies. (C) Mutation diagram providing information on the mutation sites, mutation types, and the number of cases, the results were colored with respect to the corresponding mutation types. (D) Associations between SLC35A2 mutations and patient outcomes, including DFS, OS, PFS, and DSS.</p

S2 File -

BackgroundSolute carrier family 35 member A2 (SLC35A2) located on the X chromosome is considered involved in the UDP-galactose transport from cytosol to Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. It has been reported that the SLC35A2 expression is associated with carcinogenesis in recent studies, however, its specific roles in cancer progression have not been exhaustively elucidated. Herein, a system analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of SLC35A2 in prognostic, and immunology in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD).MethodsThe TIMER, GEPIA, UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier Plotter were employed to explore the SLC35A2 expression pattern and prognostic value in STAD. Genomic alterations were searched through the MEXPRESS and cBioPortal platforms. The LinkedOmics, GEPIA and Metascape databases were employed to explore the biological processes. The TIMER and TISIDB websites were utilized to investigate the relationships between SLC35A2 expression and immune cell infiltration. The associations between SLC35A2 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) in pan-cancer were explored using the SangerBox database.ResultsCompared to the normal gastric mucosa, SLC35A2 expression was significantly increased in STAD tissues, accompanied by the robust relationships with tumor grade, histological subtypes, TP53 mutation status, TMB and prognosis. SLC35A2 and its co-expression genes played the primarily roles in purine metabolism and purinosome, including the asparagine N-linked glycosylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle, with the potential to participate in the regulation of VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling pathway. Concurrently, SLC35A2 expression was correlated with macrophages and CD4+T lymphocytes infiltration in STAD.ConclusionsOur study has proposed that SLC35A2 correlated with immune cell infiltration could serve as a prognostic biomarker in STAD.</div

Correlation between SLC35A2 expression and immune infiltrating cells.

(A) Relationship between the SLC35A2 expression level and the immune cell infiltration level (TIMER 2.0). (B) Relationship between immune cell abundance and survival of patients with STAD. (C) Relationship between the SLC35A2 expression level and the immune cell infiltration level (TISIDB). (D) Link between immune infiltrates and somatic CNV, including the deep deletion, arm-level deletion, diploid/normal, arm-level gain, high amplication.</p

Expression pattern and prognostic value of SLC35A2 in STAD.

(A) Differences in the expression of SLAC35A2 in cancer tissues and normal tissues (TIMER 2.0). (B) Differences in the expression of SLAC35A2 in STAD cancer tissues and normal tissues (GEPIA). (C–E) Differences in the expression, promoter methylation, and protein levels of SLC35A2 in STAD primary tumor and normal tissues, respectively (UCLCAN). (F, G) Difference of SLC35A2 expression in OS, DFS of STAD patients (GEPIA). (H–J) Difference of SLC35A2 expression in OS, FP, PPS of STAD patients, respectively (Kaplan–Meier Plotter).</p

Relationship between SLC35A2 levels and 28 tumor immunoinfiltrating cell subtypes using TISIDB.

Relationship between SLC35A2 levels and 28 tumor immunoinfiltrating cell subtypes using TISIDB.</p

Functional enrichment analyses of SLC35A2.

(A) Expression pattern of PMM2 in STAD cancer and normal tissue. (B) Relationship between PMM2 and SLC35A2 in STAD. (C) Prognostic value of PMM2 in STAD. (D) Expression pattern of FTSJ1 in STAD cancer and normal tissue. (E) Relationship between FTSJ1 and SLC35A2 in STAD. (F) Prognostic value of FTSJ1 in STAD. (G) Nodes in the same enrichment network colored by P value, as shown in the legend, where the darker color represented the more significant node (see legend for P value ranges). (H) The enrichment of SLC35A2–related genes mainly in asparagine N-linked glycosylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, metabolism of RNA, etc. showed by Go analysis.</p

S3 File -

BackgroundSolute carrier family 35 member A2 (SLC35A2) located on the X chromosome is considered involved in the UDP-galactose transport from cytosol to Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. It has been reported that the SLC35A2 expression is associated with carcinogenesis in recent studies, however, its specific roles in cancer progression have not been exhaustively elucidated. Herein, a system analysis was conducted to evaluate the role of SLC35A2 in prognostic, and immunology in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD).MethodsThe TIMER, GEPIA, UALCAN, Kaplan–Meier Plotter were employed to explore the SLC35A2 expression pattern and prognostic value in STAD. Genomic alterations were searched through the MEXPRESS and cBioPortal platforms. The LinkedOmics, GEPIA and Metascape databases were employed to explore the biological processes. The TIMER and TISIDB websites were utilized to investigate the relationships between SLC35A2 expression and immune cell infiltration. The associations between SLC35A2 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI) in pan-cancer were explored using the SangerBox database.ResultsCompared to the normal gastric mucosa, SLC35A2 expression was significantly increased in STAD tissues, accompanied by the robust relationships with tumor grade, histological subtypes, TP53 mutation status, TMB and prognosis. SLC35A2 and its co-expression genes played the primarily roles in purine metabolism and purinosome, including the asparagine N-linked glycosylation, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, regulation of transcription involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle, with the potential to participate in the regulation of VEGFA-VEGFR2 signaling pathway. Concurrently, SLC35A2 expression was correlated with macrophages and CD4+T lymphocytes infiltration in STAD.ConclusionsOur study has proposed that SLC35A2 correlated with immune cell infiltration could serve as a prognostic biomarker in STAD.</div