Experimental paradigm and stimuli.

<p>A. A flowchart of an individual trial. In this example, the visual spatial cue indicates spatial information but provides no information about the cue–target interval. The cue was lit for 100 ms, and following the appropriate cue–target interval (600 or 1,800 ms), the auditory target was presented for 50 ms. B. Central cues used in the experimental task. The spatial cue was used in the spatial attention tasks. As the stimulus, the right or left half of the cube was lit to provide the subjects information concerning the target location (i.e., right or left). The temporal cue was used in the temporal attention tasks. When the target came within a short cue–target interval, the inner circle was lit; when it came after a long cue–target interval, the outer circle was lit. The neutral cue was used in the control tasks and provided neither spatial nor temporal information. A double ‘A’ in the center of the cue indicated a visual experiment. C. Either the left half or the right half of the inner circle would turn white during the control task, and participants would press the reaction key when the white half round turned to white. RT was not required.</p

Specific activations involved in temporal tasks.

<p>Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected <i>p</i><0.05. (A) left SOG. (B) tegmentum within midbrain. BOLD signal changes based on the extracted data from (C) left SOG, and (D) the tegmentum with in midbrain. For C and D, white represents spatial task vs. control task, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: <i>p</i><0.05, **: <i>p</i><0.01).</p

RTs for each attentional tasks.

<p>RTs for each attentional tasks.</p

Activation difference between (A) spatial task and temporal task (B) spatial task and neutral task.

<p>Significant activations at an uncorrected threshold of <i>p</i><0.005.</p

Average reaction times (RTs) for each task.

<p>Average reaction times (RTs) for each task.</p

Anatomical ROI-based BOLD signal changes for the three attentional tasks are shown in (A) Right IPL, (B) Right DLPFC, (C) Right VLPFC, (D) Right MTG, (E) Left IPL, (F) Left DLPFC, (G) Left VLPFC, (H) Left MTG, (I) Left FEF, (J) Right FEF, (K) Right insula, (L) Left insula and (M) Right precuneus.

<p>White bars represents the spatial task vs. control task, gray bars represents the temporal task vs. control task and black bars represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bars (*: <i>p</i><0.05, **: <i>p</i><0.01, ***: <i>p</i><0.005, ****: <i>p</i><0.001).</p

Activations analyzed by the main effects of auditory attention.

<p>Significant activations at an uncorrected threshold of p<0.01. The approximate anatomical regions and Brodmann areas are from the Talairach atlas, and the x, y, and z coordinates are from the SPM5. Abbreviations are as follows: SPL - Superior Parietal Lobe, IPL - Inferior Parietal Lobe, STG - Superior Temporal Gyrus, MTG - Middle Temporal Gyrus, SFG - Superior Frontal Gyrus, IFG - Inferior Frontal Gyrus, CC - Cingulate Cortex, PFG - Prefrontal Gyrus, MFG - Middle Frontal Gyrus, R - right hemisphere, L - left hemisphere, and M - bilateral hemisphere.</p

Hazard function related brain activations.

<p>Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected <i>p</i><0.01. (A) left FEF, medial CC and right FEF. (B) left and right insula. For C–G, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: <i>p</i><0.01, **: p<0.005).</p

Small Volume Correction (SVC) results based on anatomical masks.

<p>The x, y, and z coordinates are from the SPM5. The approximate anatomical regions are from Talairach atlas, and the x, y, and z coordinates are from the SPM5. SPL - Superior Parietal Lobe, IPL - Inferior Parietal Lobe, STG - Superior Temporal Gyrus, MTG - Middle Temporal Gyrus, SFG - Superior Frontal Gyrus, IFG - Inferior Frontal Gyrus, CC - Cingulate Cortex, PFG - Prefrontal Gyrus, MFG - Middle Frontal Gyrus, SC - Superior Colliculus, R - right hemisphere, L - left hemisphere, and M - bilateral hemisphere.</p

Neutral task vs. Temporal task by comparing long interval trials.

<p>Sliced section results are shown at a threshold of uncorrected <i>p</i><0.01. (A) left Prefrontal cortex, medial CC, SMA and right Prefrontal cortex. (B) bilateral insula, thalamus and putamen. For C–H, gray represents temporal task vs. control task and black represents neutral task vs. control task. The error bar represents the standard error (SE). Non-parametric comparisons results are shown in the bar graphs (*: <i>p</i><0.05, **: p<0.005).</p