Field Scanner Design for MUSTANG of the Green Bank Telescope

MUSTANG is a bolometer camera for the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) working at a frequency of 90 GHz. The detector has a field of view of 40 arcseconds. To cancel out random emission change from atmosphere and other sources, requires a fast scanning reflecting system with a few arcminute ranges. In this paper, the aberrations of an off-axis system are reviewed. The condition for an optimized system is provided. In an optimized system, as additional image transfer mirrors are introduced, new aberrations of the off-axis system may be reintroduced, resulting in a limited field of view. In this paper, different scanning mirror arrangements for the GBT system are analyzed through the ray tracing analysis. These include using the subreflector as the scanning mirror, chopping a flat mirror and transferring image with an ellipse mirror, and chopping a flat mirror and transferring image with a pair of face-to-face paraboloid mirrors. The system analysis shows that chopping a flat mirror and using a well aligned pair of paraboloids can generate the required field of view for the MUSTUNG detector system, while other systems all suffer from larger off-axis aberrations added by the system modification. The spot diagrams of the well aligned pair of paraboloids produced is only about one Airy disk size within a scanning angle of about 3 arcmin.Comment: 7 pages, 9 figure

Le regole del gioco: Primo incontro con l'ingegneria strategica

Cu particles decorated carbon composite microspheres (CCMs) with a unique sesame ball structure have been prepared by combining the mass-producible spray drying technique with calcinations. The conventional cuprammonium cellulose complex solution obtained by dissolving cellulose in a cuprammonia solution has been applied as raw materials for the preparation of Cu­(NH₃)₄²⁺/cellulose complex microspheres via a spray drying process. The resulted Cu­(NH₃)₄²⁺/cellulose complex microspheres are then transformed into the Cu particles homogeneously decorated porous carbon spheres <i>in situ</i> by calcinations at 450 or 550 °C. The coordination effect between the Cu­(NH₃)₄²⁺ species and the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose macromolecules has been exploited for directing the dispersion of the Cu particles in the resultant composite CCMs. The antimicrobial effects of the CCMs are evaluated by determining the minimum growth inhibitory concentrations using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as representatives, respectively. The CCMs show high efficiency catalytic properties to the conversion of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol using NaBH₄ as a reductant in a mild condition. The recyclability and stability of the CCM catalysts have also been studied

The Principles of Astronomical Telescope Design

Presents a summary of the author's twenty five years of experience in telescope design. This work provides a general introduction to various aspects of telescope design. It discusses the theory behind telescope design. It covers Radio, Infrared, Optical, X-Ray and Gamma-Ray wavelengthsThis volume presents a complete summary of the author's twenty five years of experience in telescope design. It provides a general introduction to every aspect of telescope design and discusses the theory behind telescope design in depth. Telescope component design is also covered. The book pays particular attention to technologies such as active and adaptive optics, aperture synthesis, holographic surface measurement, infrared signal modulation, wavefront, curvature, and phasing sensors, as well as x-ray and gamma ray imaging. The principles behind these technologies are also discussed with an eye towards their practical applications, resulting in a book that bridges practical telescope engineering and advanced physics theory. Originally published in Chinese, The Principles of Astronomical Telescope Design is highly regarded by the Chinese astronomical community. This English language version is intended for postgraduate students, engineers and scientists in the fields of astronomy, optics, particle physics, space science and related fields

Design Study on Near-Field Radio Holography of the 5-Meter Dome A Terahertz Explorer

Abstract- The 5m Dome A Terahertz Explorer (DATE5) is a proposed terahertz telescope to be deployed in Dome A, Antarctica, to exploit one of the best observing conditions at terahertz wavelengths on earth. In this paper, a design configuration for the near-field holography of the DATE5 surface measurement is presented. Important factors, such as measurement distance, operating frequency, and signal source location, are discussed. Special efforts have been given to the reduction of truncation errors. Simulation results under typical signal-to-noise ratios and design parameters are also provided

Dissecting the tumour immune microenvironment in merkel cell carcinoma based on a machine learning framework

AbstractMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a primary cutaneous neoplasm of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, which is characterized by molecular heterogeneity with diverse tumour microenvironment (TME). However, we are still lack knowledge of the cellular states and ecosystems in MCC. Here, we systematically identified and characterized the landscape of cellular states and ecotypes in MCC based on a machine learning framework. We obtained 30 distinct cellular states from 9 immune cell types and investigated the B cell, CD8 T cell, fibroblast, and monocytes/macrophage cellular states in detail. The functional profiling of cellular states were investigated and found the genes highly expressed in cellular states were significantly enriched in immune- and cancer hallmark-related pathways. In addition, four ecotypes were further identified which were with different patient compositions. Transcriptional regulation analysis revealed the critical transcription factors (i.e. E2F1, E2F3 and E2F7), which play important roles in regulating the TME of MCC. In summary, the findings of this study may provide rich knowledge to understand the intrinsic subtypes of MCCs and the pathways involved in distinct subtype oncogenesis, and will further advance the knowledge in developing a specific therapeutic strategy for these MCC subtypes

Biodegradable Polymeric Architectures via Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerizations

Reversible deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have proven to be the convenient tools for the preparation of polymeric architectures and nanostructured materials. When biodegradability is conferred to these materials, many biomedical applications can be envisioned. In this review, we discuss the synthesis and applications of biodegradable polymeric architectures using different RDRPs. These biodegradable polymeric structures can be designed as well-defined star-shaped, cross-linked or hyperbranched via smartly designing the chain transfer agents and/or post-polymerization modifications. These polymers can also be exploited to fabricate micelles, vesicles and capsules via either self-assembly or cross-linking methodologies. Nanogels and hydrogels can also be prepared via RDRPs and their applications in biomedical science are also discussed. In addition to the synthetic polymers, varied natural precursors such as cellulose and biomolecules can also be employed to prepare biodegradable polymeric architectures

Ag/AgBr/AgVO Photocatalyst-Embedded Polyacrylonitrile/Polyamide/Chitosan Nanofiltration Membrane for Integrated Filtration and Degradation of RhB

A nanofiltration (NF) membrane containing a NaOH-treated electrospun polyacrylonitrile (HPAN) substrate, an interfacial polymerization (IP) polyamide (PA) layer, a chitosan (CS) coating layer, and an Ag/AgBr/AgVO photocatalyst loading layer was prepared. The structural evolution of the membranes was investigated, and their performance was estimated in accordance with the water flux and rejection rate. A probable mechanism for the photocatalytic activity of Ag/AgBr/AgVO was proposed. The loading of the Ag/AgBr/AgVO heterojunction on the HPAN/PA/CS NF membrane endowed the membrane with excellent self-cleaning properties owing to the photolytic degradation of the dye. The filtration and degradation processes of the Ag/AgBr/AgVO-loaded membrane constantly promoted each other, and the treatment efficiency achieved with the integrated (filtration + degradation) process was superior to those obtained with the filtration and degradation processes alone. The Ag/AgBr/AgVO-NF membrane exhibited excellent recyclability and stability when subjected to five integrated filtration-degradation processes. In addition, the Ag/AgBr/AgVO-NF membrane exhibited an elastic modulus of 65.75 MPa and a toughness of 38.9 kJ/m along with a good disinfection effect on in visible light. The as-prepared photocatalyst-loaded NF membrane with excellent antifouling performance, antimicrobial activity, high strength, and recyclability showed potential for continuous water purification operation