Effect of Increasing Total Solids Contents on Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste under Mesophilic Conditions: Performance and Microbial Characteristics Analysis

<div><p>The total solids content of feedstocks affects the performances of anaerobic digestion and the change of total solids content will lead the change of microbial morphology in systems. In order to increase the efficiency of anaerobic digestion, it is necessary to understand the role of the total solids content on the behavior of the microbial communities involved in anaerobic digestion of organic matter from wet to dry technology. The performances of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of food waste with different total solids contents from 5% to 20% were compared and the microbial communities in reactors were investigated using 454 pyrosequencing technology. Three stable anaerobic digestion processes were achieved for food waste biodegradation and methane generation. Better performances mainly including volatile solids reduction and methane yield were obtained in the reactors with higher total solids content. Pyrosequencing results revealed significant shifts in bacterial community with increasing total solids contents. The proportion of phylum <i>Chloroflexi</i> decreased obviously with increasing total solids contents while other functional bacteria showed increasing trend. <i>Methanosarcina</i> absolutely dominated in archaeal communities in three reactors and the relative abundance of this group showed increasing trend with increasing total solids contents. These results revealed the effects of the total solids content on the performance parameters and the behavior of the microbial communities involved in the anaerobic digestion of food waste from wet to dry technologies.</p></div

Taxonomic compositions of bacterial communities at phyla level in each sample retrieved from pyrosequencing.

<p>Taxonomic compositions of bacterial communities at phyla level in each sample retrieved from pyrosequencing.</p

Taxonomic composition of bacterial communities at the genus level for the sequences retrieved from each sample.

<p>Taxonomic composition of bacterial communities at the genus level for the sequences retrieved from each sample.</p

Performance parameters of three reactors with different total solids contents.

a<p>Y_biogas: biogas yield.</p>b<p>Y_methane: methane yield.</p>c<p>VS_r: VS reduction.</p>d<p>SBP: specific biogas production rate based on removed VS.</p>e<p>SMP: specific methane production rate based on removed VS.</p>f<p>BP: volumetric biogas production rate.</p>g<p>MP: volumetric methane production rate.</p

Taxonomic compositions of methanogens at order level in each sample retrieved from pyrosequencing.

<p>Taxonomic compositions of methanogens at order level in each sample retrieved from pyrosequencing.</p

Characteristics of the substrates and inoculums.

<p>–Not determined.</p>a<p>FW: food waste.</p>b<p>TS: total solids.</p>c<p>VS: volatile solids.</p>d<p>TAN: total ammonia nitrogen.</p

Ring-Opening Hydroarylation of Monosubstituted Cyclopropanes Enabled by Hexafluoroisopropanol

<div><p>Ring-opening hydroarylation of cyclopropanes is typically limited to substrates bearing a donor-acceptor motif. Here, the transformation is achieved for monosubstituted cyclopropanes by using catalytic Brønsted acid in hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) solvent, constituting a rare example where such cyclopropanes engage in intermolecular C–C bond formation. Branched products are obtained when electron-rich arylcyclopropanes react with a broad scope of arene nucleophiles in accord with a simple S_N1-type ring-opening mechanism. In constrast, linear products are obtained when cyclopropylketones react with electron-rich arene nucleophiles. In the latter case, mechanistic experiments and DFT-calculations support a homo-conjugate addition pathway.</p></div

Additional file 8 of Identification and validation of a fatty acid metabolism-related lncRNA signature as a predictor for prognosis and immunotherapy in patients with liver cancer

Additional file8: Supplementary figure 3. Original gels images for all western blots in Figure 9

Additional file 6 of Identification and validation of a fatty acid metabolism-related lncRNA signature as a predictor for prognosis and immunotherapy in patients with liver cancer

Additional file6: Supplementary figure 1. The expression of immune checkpoint genes between FA metabolism-related lncRNA subgroups. (A, B) The boxplots display the dysregulation of immune checkpoint genes in the TCGA and GSE76427 cohorts

Analysis of LGR4 Receptor Distribution in Human and Mouse Tissues

<div><p>LGR4 is an R-spondin receptor with strong positive effect on Wnt signaling. It plays a critical role in development as its ablation in the mouse led to total embryonic/neonatal lethality with profound defects in multiple organs. Haplotype insufficiency of LGR4 in human was associated with several diseases, including increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, reduced birth weights, electrolyte imbalance, and decreased levels of testosterone, which are similar to the phenotypes of LGR4-hypomorphic mice. Tissue distribution of LGR4 was extensively analyzed in the mouse using gene-trap reporter enzyme alleles. However, its expression pattern in human tissues remained largely unknown. We have developed LGR4-specific monoclonal antibodies and used them to examine the expression of LGR4 in selected adult human and mouse tissues by immunohistochemical analysis. Intense LGR4-like immunoreactivity was observed in the epidermis and hair follicle of the skin, pancreatic islet cells, and epithelial cells in both the male and female reproductive organs. Of particular interest is that LGR4 is highly expressed in germ cells and pancreatic islet cells, which have important implications given the role of R-spondin-LGR4 signaling in the survival of adult stem cells. In addition, the majority of colon tumors showed elevated levels of LGR4 receptor. Overall, the expression pattern of LGR4 in human tissues mapped by this IHC analysis is similar to that in the mouse as revealed from gene trap alleles. Importantly, the pattern lends strong support to the important role of LGR4 in the development and maintenance of skin, kidney, reproductive systems, and other organs. </p> </div