Boosting Adversarial Attacks by Leveraging Decision Boundary Information

Due to the gap between a substitute model and a victim model, the gradient-based noise generated from a substitute model may have low transferability for a victim model since their gradients are different. Inspired by the fact that the decision boundaries of different models do not differ much, we conduct experiments and discover that the gradients of different models are more similar on the decision boundary than in the original position. Moreover, since the decision boundary in the vicinity of an input image is flat along most directions, we conjecture that the boundary gradients can help find an effective direction to cross the decision boundary of the victim models. Based on it, we propose a Boundary Fitting Attack to improve transferability. Specifically, we introduce a method to obtain a set of boundary points and leverage the gradient information of these points to update the adversarial examples. Notably, our method can be combined with existing gradient-based methods. Extensive experiments prove the effectiveness of our method, i.e., improving the success rate by 5.6% against normally trained CNNs and 14.9% against defense CNNs on average compared to state-of-the-art transfer-based attacks. Further we compare transformers with CNNs, the results indicate that transformers are more robust than CNNs. However, our method still outperforms existing methods when attacking transformers. Specifically, when using CNNs as substitute models, our method obtains an average attack success rate of 58.2%, which is 10.8% higher than other state-of-the-art transfer-based attacks

Research on Polarization and Phase Fading Compensation in Michelson Interferometer Based on 3 × 3 Coupler and Novel Probe with Built-in Faraday Rotator

A self-designed probe and a feedback control scheme based on the Michelson interferometer with a 3 × 3 fiber coupler are proposed. A 45° Faraday rotator is built into the self-designed probe, and a feedback control scheme is used to judge the direction of increase or decrease for the phase compensation, so as to solve the problems of polarization and phase fading. In addition, a result-normalized method is applied in a micro-vibration measurement experiment. The experimental interferometer system achieves a high frequency of 1 MHz micro-vibration. The normalized results keep stable with a maximum deviation from the mean of 1.9% when the power of light reflected back into the self-designed probe is altered. Applied research is carried out by detecting the displacement due to a photoacoustic wave. Therefore, the experimental interferometer system is available for the practical application of micro-displacement measurements, noncontact high-frequency detection, and point-by-point image scanning in biological tissue

Remote Sensing Image Fusion Based on Sparse Representation and Guided Filtering

In this paper, a remote sensing image fusion method is presented since sparse representation (SR) has been widely used in image processing, especially for image fusion. Firstly, we used source images to learn the adaptive dictionary, and sparse coefficients were obtained by sparsely coding the source images with the adaptive dictionary. Then, with the help of improved hyperbolic tangent function (tanh) and l 0 − max , we fused these sparse coefficients together. The initial fused image can be obtained by the image fusion method based on SR. To take full advantage of the spatial information of the source images, the fused image based on the spatial domain (SF) was obtained at the same time. Lastly, the final fused image could be reconstructed by guided filtering of the fused image based on SR and SF. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms some state-of-the-art methods on visual and quantitative evaluations

Identification and Quantification of Flavonoids in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) and Antiproliferative Activity In Vitro of Four Main Components Identified

Okra is a kind of flavonoid-rich food which was reported to have a variety of health functions. Flavonoids are the major polyphenolic compounds in okra and are thought to play a role in reducing the risk of disease. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the flavonoids composition in okra pods and explore the activity of the main flavonoids components identified on inhibiting tumor cell proliferation in vitro. Six individual flavonoids were identified by HPLC-MS/MS: quercetin-3-gentiobioside (Q3G), quercetin-3-sambubioside (Q3S), rutin, quercetin-7-glucoside (Q7G), isoquercitrin (ISO) and quercetin-3-malonylglucoside (Q3M), which were all separated well within 30 min. The analytical method was validated by the recovery of spiked samples and so on. Moreover, four main flavonoids components, namely Q3G, Q3S, ISO and Q3M, exhibited significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of NCI-N87, A375, A549 cells proliferation (25−100 μmol/L) and of HFLS-RA (200−300 μmol/L) in different levels, according to MTT method, respectively. It is demonstrated that the flavonoids components of okra exhibited a noteworthy development prospect as a possible nutraceutical dietary supplement

Remote Sensing Pansharpening by Full-Depth Feature Fusion

Pansharpening is an important yet challenging remote sensing image processing task, which aims to reconstruct a high-resolution (HR) multispectral (MS) image by fusing a HR panchromatic (PAN) image and a low-resolution (LR) MS image. Though deep learning (DL)-based pansharpening methods have achieved encouraging performance, they are infeasible to fully utilize the deep semantic features and shallow contextual features in the process of feature fusion for a HR-PAN image and LR-MS image. In this paper, we propose an efficient full-depth feature fusion network (FDFNet) for remote sensing pansharpening. Specifically, we design three distinctive branches called PAN-branch, MS-branch, and fusion-branch, respectively. The features extracted from the PAN and MS branches will be progressively injected into the fusion branch at every different depth to make the information fusion more broad and comprehensive. With this structure, the low-level contextual features and high-level semantic features can be characterized and integrated adequately. Extensive experiments on reduced- and full-resolution datasets acquired from WorldView-3, QuickBird, and GaoFen-2 sensors demonstrate that the proposed FDFNet only with less than 100,000 parameters performs better than other detail injection-based proposals and several state-of-the-art approaches, both visually and quantitatively

Additional file 1 of Genome-wide identification of B-box zinc finger (BBX) gene family in Medicago sativa and their roles in abiotic stress responses

Supplementary Material 1: Table S1. Paralogous gene pairs in segmental duplication events of alfalfa MsBBX genes. Table S2. Collinear genes of MsBBXs between alfalfa and Arabidopsis, alfalfa and O. sativa, alfalfa and M. truncatula. Table S3. The functions of Cis-regulatory elements in MsBBX gene promoters. Table S4. The primers used in this stud

Table_7_Analysis of lncRNA in the skeletal muscle of rabbits at different developmental stages.XLSX

It is universally acknowledged that lncRNA plays an important role in the regulation of animal skeletal muscle development regulation. However, there is a lack of relevant research on lncRNA in rabbit skeletal muscle development. Thus, we explored the expression profiles of lncRNA in rabbits at three growth stages (2-week-old fetus, 6-week-old post-weaning, and 6-month-old adult) using RNA-seq. A total of 554 differentially expressed lncRNAs (235 up- and 319 down-regulated) were found between the post-weaning and fetus groups and 19 (7 up- and 12 down-regulated) between the post-weaning and adult groups and 429 (115 up- and 314 down-regulated) between the fetus and adult. The enrichment pathways in the post-weaning and fetus groups were mainly concentrated at AMPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and the co-expression results revealed that LINC-2903, LINC-2374, LINC-8591 plays a role in early maintenance of skeletal muscle development. The enriched pathways in the fetus and adult groups were mainly involved in PI3K-Akt signaling pathways with a strong association found in mTOR signaling pathways. Analysis of the co-expression results suggests that LINC-5617 may be involved in the proliferation of embryonic skeletal muscle cells, and that LINC-8613 and LINC-8705 may provide energy for postnatal skeletal muscle development. The specific roles of different lncRNAs in different developmental stages of New Zealand White rabbits obtained. This will contribute to the subsequent study on the regulatory mechanism of muscle development in New Zealand White rabbits.</p

Table_3_Analysis of lncRNA in the skeletal muscle of rabbits at different developmental stages.XLSX

It is universally acknowledged that lncRNA plays an important role in the regulation of animal skeletal muscle development regulation. However, there is a lack of relevant research on lncRNA in rabbit skeletal muscle development. Thus, we explored the expression profiles of lncRNA in rabbits at three growth stages (2-week-old fetus, 6-week-old post-weaning, and 6-month-old adult) using RNA-seq. A total of 554 differentially expressed lncRNAs (235 up- and 319 down-regulated) were found between the post-weaning and fetus groups and 19 (7 up- and 12 down-regulated) between the post-weaning and adult groups and 429 (115 up- and 314 down-regulated) between the fetus and adult. The enrichment pathways in the post-weaning and fetus groups were mainly concentrated at AMPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways, and the co-expression results revealed that LINC-2903, LINC-2374, LINC-8591 plays a role in early maintenance of skeletal muscle development. The enriched pathways in the fetus and adult groups were mainly involved in PI3K-Akt signaling pathways with a strong association found in mTOR signaling pathways. Analysis of the co-expression results suggests that LINC-5617 may be involved in the proliferation of embryonic skeletal muscle cells, and that LINC-8613 and LINC-8705 may provide energy for postnatal skeletal muscle development. The specific roles of different lncRNAs in different developmental stages of New Zealand White rabbits obtained. This will contribute to the subsequent study on the regulatory mechanism of muscle development in New Zealand White rabbits.</p