rTMS increases steady state current in cortical neurons.

<p>(A) Example voltage clamp traces of (top) stimulus and (bottom) responses (before and during TMS) in cortical neurons (traces have been filtered to remove the TMS artifact). The red dotted line in the response traces denotes the point at which steady state current was measured. (B) Population data of steady state current of cortical neurons at different voltages (Numbers in the bars indicate sample size). Error bars represent SEM.</p

rTMS induces action potentials and reshapes spike timing.

<p>(A) Example trace of a neuron showing lower activation threshold during rTMS stimulation (i) 50 pA subthreshold stimulus step (ii) response before rTMS, (iii) response during rTMS (B) Example trace of a neuron showing the effect of rTMS on spike timing (i) 300 pA supratheshold stimulus step (ii) response before rTMS, (iii) response during rTMS. (C) Upper panel: Magnified view of an action potential before TMS (corresponding to grey box in B (ii)), Lower panel: Magnified view of a TMS artifact (arrow head, two pronged artifact) followed by an action potential during stimulation (corresponding to grey box in B (iii)), (D) Representative post stimulus time histogram (PSTH) of the response neuron in (B) during rTMS stimulation.</p

TMS pulses transiently open voltage gated sodium channels.

<p>(A) Example voltage clamp traces of TMS induced responses in cortical cells at -45mV in the presence and absence of DNQX, DL-AP5, and SR99531 which are pharmacological agents blocking glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling in the slice. (B) Population data of the mean amplitude of TMS pulse-induced current in cortical neurons during different pharmacological conditions (Numbers within bars indicate sample size for each experimental group). Error bars represent SEM.</p

TMS pulses induce transient inward currents at specific voltages.

<p>(A) Example voltage clamp traces of TMS induced responses in Model Cell (top panel, no neuron) and cortical neurons (bottom panel, TMS + neuron). (B) Average amplitudes of the TMS-induced current in cortical neurons (n = 10) at different voltages. Error bars represent SEM.</p

rTMS increases intracellular calcium concentrations in cultured neurons.

<p>(A) Example time course plot of the increase in calcium signal in a cultured cortical neuron due to TMS. Grey bar indicates 10 s TMS stimulation. (B) Plot showing peaks of intracellular calcium fluxes (black dots) in individual neurons (n = 23) as they occur after TMS stimulation (grey bar).</p