Correlation of RET somatic mutations with clinicopathological features in sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas

Screening of REarranged during Transfection (RET) gene mutations has been carried out in different series of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTC). RET-positive tumours seem to be associated to a worse clinical outcome. However, the correlation between the type of RET mutation and the patients' clinicopathological data has not been evaluated yet

Utjecaj radne okoline u pogonu miješanja stočne hrane na bolesti organa za disanje

Die Staubmenge in 42 Futtermischungsbetrieben überschreitet die tschechoslowakische Maximalarbeitskonzentration 6 mal bis 85 mal. In 485 Staubproben aus diesen Futtermischungsbetrieben wurden zahlreiche Schimmel-und Hefeorganismen am häufigsten Aspergillus sp. (45,3%,), Mucor sp. (28,9%), Rhizopus sp. (36,9%), Penicillium sp, (25,3%) festgestellt. Bei 17 5 untersuchten Männern, von denen 144 vor ihrer Arbeit im Mischungsbetrieb als Müller, in der Pflanzenproduktion oder unter dem Risiko des anorganischen Staubes gearbeitet hatten, wurden Bronchitiden, Bronchitiden mit Emphysem sowie Lungenemphysem an 33%, und zwar vorwiegend bei vorher staubexponierten Männern, und bei 13% der Frauen von 105 Untersuchten, und zwar überwiegend bei 54 vorher staubexponierten Frauen festgestellt. Bei den Männern wurde kein statistischer Unterschied zwischen dem Vorkommen und Umfang der bronchitischen Änderungen zwischen den Räuchern und Nichträuchern festgestellt (ausgewertet nach den Symptomen mittels des modifizierten Fletscher - Fragebogens). Bei Frauen mit vorherigen Staubexposition bestand ein statistischer Unterschied im Vorkommen der Beschwerden gegenüber den Frauen ohne vorherige Staubexposition. Weder bei Frauen noch bei Männern wurde ein höheres Vorkommen allergischer Erkrankungen in den Anamnesen festgestellt. Die an Bronchitis leidenden Männer mit vorheriger Staubanamnese wiesen zu 33% vor der Arbeit in den Mischungsräumen durchgemachte Pneumonien in der Anamnese gegenüber 0,9% .der Männer ohne Bronchitis auf. Bei den Männern wurden statistisch nachweisbar mehr Schimmelpilze Aspergillus sp. (8,5% gegenüber 1,9% Kontrollgruppe) und Penicillium sp. (8,5% gegenüber 6,9_%) im Sputum als bei der aus 310 Männern ohne.Količina prašine u 42 pogona za pripremu miješane stočne hrane prelazi čehoslovačku maksimalno dopuštenu koncentraciju za 6 do 85 puta. U 485 ispitivanja prašine iz tih pogona ustanovljene su brojne plijesni i gljivice, najčešće Aspergillus sp. (45,3%). Mucor sp. (28,9%), Rhizopus sp. (36,9%), Penicillium sp. (25,3%). Kod 175 pregledanih muškaraca, od kojih su 144 prije uposlenja u pogonu miješanja stočne hrane bili uposleni kao mlinari, u proizvodnji biljnih produkata ili u ekspoziciji anorganskoj prašini, ustanovljene su bronhitide, bronhitide s emfizemom kao i plućni emfizem kod 33%, i to pretežno kod muškaraca koji su prethodno bili eksponirani prašini te kod 13% žena od 105 pregledanih i to opet pretežno kod onih 54 koje su bile prethodno u ekspoziciji prašini. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u incidenciji u stupnju bronhitičnih promjena između pušača i nepušača kad se bronhitis ocjenjivao po simptomima upotrebom modificiranog Fletscherova anketnog upitnika. Kod žena koje su već i prethodno bile eksponirane prašini postojala je statistički značajna razlika u pojavi smetnja u usporedbi sa ženama koje nisu prothodno bile eksponirane prašini, ni kod žena ni kod muškaraca nije u anamnezi bilo učestale pojave alergijskih bolesti. Muškarci koji su bolovali od bnonhitisa a prethodno su bili eksponirani prašini imali su prije nastupa posla u pogonu miješanja do 33% preboljelih pneumonija u anamnezi prema samo 0,9% muškaraca bez bronhitisa. Kod muškaraca je statistički dokazano više prisustva gljivica Aspergillus sp. (8,5% prema 1,9% u kontnolnoj grupi) i Penicillium sp. (8,5% prema 6,9% iz sputuma 310 muškaraca od kojih se sastojala kontrolna grupa bez ekspozicije organskim praši nama) što govori za masivnu inhalaciju tih spona. Sinantropne gljivice kao što su Candida albicans, češće su nađene kod pušača koji boluju od bronhitisa (39,4%) nego kod nepušača koji boluju od te bolesti, i to sa 23,6%. Pojava bronhitida u pogonu miješanja bila je jednaka po učestalosti pojavu te bolesti u poljoprivredi. Bolesti u ovim pogonima se mogu spriječiti potpunim mehaniziranjem radnog procesa. Temeljno poboljšanje su već preuzeli projektanti čehoslovačkog poduzeća »Che-pos«

Electrophysiological characterization of α7 nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes in response to 4BP-TQS.

<p>A) A bar chart illustrates responses (mean ± SEM) from α7 nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes in response to a maximal (10 µM) concentration of the allosteric agonist 4BP-TQS at room temperature (RT; 21°C), higher temperature (37°C) and lower temperature (4°C). Data are means of 5–22 responses, each from a different oocyte, in which responses obtained at either 4°C or 37°C are normalized to responses obtained from the same oocyte at RT. B) Representative traces illustrating responses obtained at RT (upper trace) and 4°C (lower trace) from a single oocyte. C) Representative traces illustrating responses obtained at RT (upper trace) and 37°C (lower trace) from a single oocyte.</p

Amplitude and desensitization of nAChR responses examined at different temperatures.

†, ††<p>Data for desensitization of all receptor and agonist combinations (with the exception of wild-type α7, activated by ACh) are expressed as the percentage of decay from the peak response in 5 seconds. Due to the rapid rate of desensitization for wild-type α7 activated by ACh, these values are expressed as the time required for the response to decay to 50% of the peak response.</p><p>Data are means ± SEM. Significant differences to responses recorded at RT are indicated (* = <i>P</i><0.05, ** = <i>P</i><0.01, *** = <i>P</i><0.001).</p

Electrophysiological characterization of nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes examined at different temperatures.

<p>Representative traces are shown illustrating responses obtained at RT (black), 4°C (blue) and 37°C (red). Current traces obtained at each temperature have been normalized to the same peak response. In each case, the response showing the fastest rate of desensitization was observed at 37°C and the slowest rate of desensitization was observed at 4°C. Responses are from α7 nAChRs with 3 mM acetylcholine (A), α4β2 nAChRs with 1 mM acetylcholine in calcium-containing saline (B), α7^L247T nAChRs with 30 µM acetylcholine (C) and α7 nAChRs with 10 µM 4BP-TQS (D). Rates of receptor deactivation after removal of agonist were also influenced in a consistent manner by changes in temperature (faster at 37°C and slower at 4°C). Representative traces from α7^L247T nAChRs with 30 µM acetylcholine are illustrated (E) and are typical of results from all receptor/agonist combinations studied (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032073#pone-0032073-t001" target="_blank">Tables 1</a> and <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032073#pone-0032073-t002" target="_blank">2</a> for details).</p

Electrophysiological characterization of α7^L247T nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes in response to acetylcholine.

<p>Bar charts illustrate responses (mean ± SEM) from α7^L247T nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes in response to a maximal (30 µM) and <i>EC</i>₅₀ (0.4 µM) concentration of acetylcholine (A and B, respectively) at room temperature (RT; 21°C), higher temperature (37°C) and lower temperature (4°C). Data are means of 5–9 responses, each from a different oocyte, in which responses obtained at either 4°C or 37°C are normalized to responses obtained from the same oocyte at RT. C) Representative traces illustrating responses obtained at RT (upper trace) and 4°C (lower trace) from a single oocyte. D) Representative traces illustrating responses obtained at RT (upper trace) and 37°C (lower trace) from a single oocyte.</p

Electrophysiological characterization of α7 nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes in response to acetylcholine.

<p>Bar charts illustrate responses (mean ± SEM) from α7 nAChRs expressed in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes in response to a maximal (3 mM) and <i>EC</i>₅₀ (100 µM) concentration of acetylcholine (A and B, respectively) at room temperature (RT; 21°C), higher temperature (37°C) and lower temperature (4°C). Data are means of 7–11 responses, each from a different oocyte, in which responses obtained at either 4°C or 37°C are normalized to responses obtained from the same oocyte at RT. C) Representative traces illustrating responses obtained at RT (upper trace) and 4°C (lower trace) from a single oocyte. D) Representative traces illustrating responses obtained at RT (upper trace) and 37°C (lower trace) from a single oocyte.</p