3 research outputs found
Fabrication of Stable and Well-Dispersed Polyaniline–Polypyrrolidone Nanocomposite for Effective Photothermal Therapy
Well-dispersed
polyaniline (PANi) nanoparticles were successfully
synthesized by simple oxidative polymerization of aniline in a two-phase
system in the presence of polyÂ(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a polymer
shell agent, and citric acid was used as a doping acid instead of
inorganic acids due to its better biocompatibility. TEM showed that
the nanocomposites of PANi and PVP (PANi@PVP) assembled into core–shell
like nanostructures uniformly. MTT results indicated that the PANi@PVP
nanoparticles supported the survival of cells; IC50 could reach about
2.5 mg/mL, much higher than the IC50 value reported for PANi nanoparticles
without PVP. Furthermore, in the presence of PVP, only exceeding PANi
(>1.5 mg/mL) resulted in a comparable production of intracellular
reactive oxygen species (ROS), the induction of apoptosis in PC-12
cells, and a weaker DNA fragmentation. TEM of PC-12 cell sections
displayed that the cell morphological changes associated with the
apoptosis were induced when exposed to a very high dose of PANi@PVP
(3 mg/mL). The well-dispersed PANi@PVP combined with NIR irradiation
achieved excellent photothermal conversion performance, which could
kill cancer cell BEL-7402 in vitro effectively. Reflecting this well-dispersed
property, the tumors in cancer bearing KM mice disappeared thoroughly
after a single subcutaneous injection of PANi@PVP nanoparticles and
subsequent NIR laser irradiation
Formation of a Mimetic Biomembrane from the Hydrophobic Protein Zein and Phospholipids: Structure and Application
α-Zein,
a storage protein in corn endosperm, could be purified
easily and in large amounts. In this study, α-zein was incorporated
into phospholipid–cholesterol (PC–Chol) liposomes. The
maximal amount of α-zein incorporated in the liposome was 0.05%
(mol/mol) and the PC:Zein molar ratio was near 2400. At this level
of zein insertion, the phase transition temperature of the lipid bilayer
was little affected, but the leakage of doxorubicin (DOX) from the
PC–Chol liposome became obviously slower when α-zein
was added at a higher temperature than the phase transition temperature.
Cryogenic transmission electron micrographs of the PC–Chol–Zein
liposome showed that adjacent membranes in multilamellar vesicles
were often aligned at a regular interval of about 7 nm. Data from
synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering of the PC–Chol–Zein
liposome indicated the formation of the multilamellar structure with
an intermembrane interval of 7.2 nm, whereas no homogeneous membrane
alignment was observed in the absence of zein. The present observation
can be well explained by supposing that α-zein takes on such
an elongated conformation that it penetrates through two adjacent
membrane layers. This feature seems to be compatible with a recently
proposed superhelical structural model of α-zein. Meanwhile,
experiments with the fluorescent-labeled α-zein showed that
the PC–Chol–Zein liposome could be uptaken by an intact
cell and localized in some specialized area (possibly endosomes) within
the cell instead of being diffusely distributed in the cell. Thus,
the PC–Chol–Zein liposome seems to act as an interesting
biomembrane model and may be applicable as a drug delivery system
3D Printed Alginate Hydrogels with Stiffness-Gradient Structure in a Carbomer Supporting Bath by Controlled Ca<sup>2+</sup> Diffusion
Manufacturing
biocompatible materials with higher-order structure
has great significance because they can mimic the extracellular medium
of the human organism and are a novel strategy for tissue regeneration.
In this study, a device with stiffness-gradient characteristics based
on two biocompatible materials, alginate with presolidification and
photocurable acrylamide-containing supporting bath, was designed and
constructed by the 3D printing technique. The presolidification can
avoid rapid diffusion of alginate in aqueous solutions, improve mechanical
properties without the introduction of heterogeneous gel precursor,
and endow gradient stiffness by the controlled diffusion of calcium
ions. Besides, a photocurable supporting bath was combined to manufacture
a device with a dual-gradient structure by a 4-step procedure, including
3D printing, removal of the inner hydrogel, solidification of alginate,
and curing of the supporting bath. A cylinder-like container was manufactured
as the template, and the wall of the resultant container with two
types of gradient structures showed parabola-like stiffness changes
(open upward), resulting from calcium ion diffusion-controlled gradient
solidification and alginate diffusion-controlled gradient photocuring.
Moreover, the resultant device exhibited lower cytotoxicity to both
adherent and suspension cells than containers manufactured with alginate.
Because of the high water uptake of the photocured supporting bath,
the removal of toxic metabolic products together with cell culture
medium from the container leads to better cell compatibility. This
diffusion-controlled device is also applicable to other additive manufacturers
with biomedical significance