10 research outputs found
Cu<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>S Nanocrystals Cross-Linked with Chlorin e6-Functionalized Polyethylenimine for Synergistic Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer
Achieving
an integrated system for combinational therapy of cancer
with enhanced efficacy is always a challenge. A multifunctional system
(CCeT nanoparticles (NPs)) for a synergistic photodynamic and photothermal
cancer therapy was successfully developed. This system is composed
of Cu<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>S nanoclusters functionalized
with chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated branched polyethylenimine (PEI-Ce6)
and mitochondria-targeting 3-(carboxypropyl)Âtriphenylphosphonium bromide
(TPP-COOH). The colocalization of the resulted CCeT NPs inside the
mitochondria of cancer cells was proven. The CCeT NPs exhibited significant
photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy due to efficient singlet oxygen
(<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) generation triggered by a 630 nm laser.
This system also showed excellent photothermal conversion capability
upon the irradiation of 808 nm laser for photothermal therapy (PTT).
In particular, the platform achieved nearly 100% inhibitory rate of
the tumor growth in vivo through combinational PDT and PTT. Thus,
the CCeT NPs could efficiently inhibit the tumor growth in vitro and
in vivo by combinational PDT and PTT, offering synergistic therapeutic
efficiency as compared to PTT or PDT alone
Axial Ligand Effects on Vibrational Dynamics of Iron in Heme Carbonyl Studied by Nuclear Resonance Vibrational Spectroscopy
Nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy (NRVS) and
density functional
theory calculation (DFT) have been applied to illuminate the effect
of axial ligation on the vibrational dynamics of iron in heme carbonyl.
The analyses of the NRVS data of five- (5c) and six-coordinate (6c)
heme–CO complexes indicate that the prominent feature of <sup>57</sup>Fe partial vibrational density of state (<sup>57</sup>FePVDOS)
at the 250–300 cm<sup>–1</sup> region is significantly
affected by the association of the axial ligand. The DFT calculations
predict that the prominent <sup>57</sup>FePVDOS is composed of iron
in-plane motions which are coupled with porphyrin pyrrole in-plane
(ν<sub>49</sub>, ν<sub>50</sub>, and ν<sub>53</sub>), an out-of-plane (γ<sub>8</sub>) (two of four pyrrole rings
include the in-plane modes, while the rest of pyrrole rings vibrate
along the out-of-plane coordinate), and out-of-phase carbonyl C and
O atom displacement perpendicular to the Fe–C–O axis.
Thus, in the case of the 5c CO–heme the prominent <sup>57</sup>FePVDOS shows sharp and intense feature because of the degeneracy
of the <i>e</i> symmetry mode within the framework of <i>C</i><sub>4<i>v</i></sub> symmetry molecule, whereas
the association of the axial imidazole ligand in the 6c complex with
the lowered symmetry results in split of the degenerate vibrational
energy as indicated by broader and lower intensity features of the
corresponding NRVS peak compared to the 5c structure. The vibrational
energy of the iron in-plane motion in the 6c complex is higher than
that in 5c, implying that the iron in the 6c complex includes stronger
in-plane interaction with the porphyrin compared to 5c. The iron in-plane
mode above 500 cm<sup>–1</sup>, which is predominantly coupled
with the out-of-phase carbonyl C and O atom motion perpendicular to
Fe–C–O, called as Fe–C–O bending mode
(δ<sub>Fe–C–O</sub>), also suggests that the 6c
structure involves a larger force constant for the <i>e</i> symmetry mode than 5c. The DFT calculations along with the NRVS
data suggest that the stiffened iron in-plane motion in the 6c complex
can be ascribed to diminished pseudo-Jahn–Teller instability
along the <i>e</i> symmetry displacement due to an increased <i>a</i><sub>1</sub>–<i>e</i> orbital energy gap
caused by σ* interaction between the iron d<sub><i>z</i><sup>2</sup></sub> orbital and the nitrogen p orbital from the axial
imidazole ligand. Thus, the present study implicates a fundamental
molecular mechanism of axial ligation of heme in association with
a diatomic gas molecule, which is a key primary step toward versatile
biological functions
The Gleason index for animals in Jinggangshan Mountain (JGM).
<p>LXM, Luoxiao Mountain; WYM, Wuyi Mountain; NLM, Nanling Mountain; WLM, Wuling Mountain.</p
The distribution of overlapping animal species.
<p>√ stands for the species distributed in this mountain, and blank means the species didn’t find in this mountain.</p><p>There are more overlapping plant species distributed in JGM and WYM/WLM (166/192) than in JGM and LXM/NLM (71/67). The former two mountains are distributed to the east and west of JGM, and the latter two mountains are distributed to the north and south of JGM (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.t006" target="_blank">Table 6</a>). More overlapping plants species were distributed in JGM and the two mountains in the east (WYM) and west (WLM), while more overlapping animals species were distributed in JGM and the other two mountains in the north (LXM) and south (NLM).</p><p>The distribution of overlapping animal species.</p
The percentage of altitudinal distribution of Jinggangshan Mountain (JGM) and surrounding mountains.
<p>LXM, Luoxiao Mountain; WYM, Wuyi Mountain; NLM, Nanling Mountain; WLM, Wuling Mountain.</p
Comparison of the Gleason index of seed plant species, genera and families of Jinggangshan Mountain (JGM) and surrounding mountains.
<p>LXM, Luoxiao Mountain; WYM, Wuyi Mountain; NLM, Nanling Mountain; WLM, Wuling Mountain.</p
Geographic position of Jinggangshan Mountain formed by convergence of four mountains to one point.
<p>Geographic position of Jinggangshan Mountain formed by convergence of four mountains to one point.</p
The distribution of overlapping plant species.
<p>The distribution of overlapping plant species.</p
The percentage of slope distribution of Jinggangshan Mountain (JGM) and surrounding mountains.
<p>LXM, Luoxiao Mountain; WYM, Wuyi Mountain; NLM, Nanling Mountain; WLM, Wuling Mountain.</p
Comparison of the vertebrate biodiversity of JGM and surrounding mountains.
<p>JGM, Jinggangshan Mountain; LXM, Luoxiao Mountain, WYM, Wuyi Mountain; NLM, Nanling Mountain; WLM, Wuling Mountain. The data for LXM, WYM, NLM and WLM came from surveys in Guanshan Natural Reserve [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.ref045" target="_blank">45</a>], Wuyishan Area, Fujian Province [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.ref046" target="_blank">46</a>], Nanling National Natural Reserve [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.ref055" target="_blank">55</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.ref056" target="_blank">56</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.ref057" target="_blank">57</a>,<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.ref058" target="_blank">58</a>] and Badagongshan Mountain [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120208#pone.0120208.ref059" target="_blank">59</a>], respectively.</p><p>Comparison of the vertebrate biodiversity of JGM and surrounding mountains.</p