10 research outputs found
Work in Hypoxic Conditions-Consensus Statement of the Medical Commission of the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA MedCom)
Objectives: The Commission gives recommendations on how to provide health and safety for employees in different kinds of low oxygen atmospheres. So far, no recommendations exist that take into account the several factors we have outlined in this report. Methods: The health and safety recommendations of several countries were analysed for their strength and deficiencies. The scientific literature was checked (Medline, etc.) and evaluated for relevance of the topic. Typical situations of work in hypoxia were defined and their specific risks described. Specific recommendations are provided for any of these situations. Results: We defined four main groups with some subgroups (main risk in brackets): short exposure (pressure change), limited exposure (acute altitude disease), expatriates (chronic altitude disease), and high-altitude populations (re-entry pulmonary oedema). For healthy unacclimatized persons, an acute but limited exposure down to 13% O2 does not cause a health risk. Employees should be advised to leave hypoxic areas for any break, if possible. Detailed advice is given for any other situation and pre-existing diseases. Conclusions: If the specific risk of the respective type of hypoxia is taken into account, a pragmatic approach to provide health and safety for employees is possible. In contrast to other occupational exposures, a repeated exposure as often as possible is of benefit as it causes partial acclimatization. The consensus statement was approved by written consent in lieu of a meeting in July 200
Trace element composition of aqueous extracts of some diatomite and lydite samples from Karelia
ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ: ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ°: Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ, Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ (ICP MS). Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ICP MS. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Mg, Na, Ca, K ΠΈ Al (Π΄ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΊΠ³/Π»). ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π². ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ: P - Π΄ΠΎ 650, Fe - Π΄ΠΎ 1700 (ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ β 1) ΠΈ Mn - Π΄ΠΎ 3300 (ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ β 3) ΠΌΠΊΠ³/Π». ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡ 10 Π΄ΠΎ 100 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/Π» Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (Li, B, Ti, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr ΠΈ Ba) Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² β 1 ΠΈ 2 ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (Π ΠΠ): Nd (Π΄ΠΎ 247), Ce (Π΄ΠΎ 230), La (Π΄ΠΎ 156 ΠΌΠΊΠ³/Π»). Π₯ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΈΡΠ»Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π° (ΡΠ 4,5-4,6) ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° β 4 ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²: Ni, Sr, Be, Mn, U, Tl, ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ V, Co, Cu, Zn, Y, Ba. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° β 5 Π² ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
(ΡΠ 7,4-7,5) Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Mo, W, Zr, Hf. Π ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ° β 4 ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Al, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ (ΠΠΠ) ΡΡΠ±ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ·ΡΠΉΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ΄. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² (Ca, Mg, Π, Π , Cu, Zn, V, Mn, Sr, Y, Zr) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΈΡ
Β» ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ).The relevance of the research consists in the necessity to obtain reliable information on microelemental composition of aqueous extracts of diatomite and lydite. Currently, diatomites are expected to be widely used in medical, pharmaceutical and food industries, but a detailed study of their composition has not been conducted. The main aim of the research is to investigate the trace element composition of aqueous extracts of several samples of diatomite and lydite using ICP MS analytic method. The objects: three samples of diatomite and two samples of lydite from Karelia (North-West of Russia). Methods: grinding samples of diatomite and lydite infused with deionized water at room conditions. Assays of aqueous extracts of the studied samples were centrifuged and analyzed by ICP MS after 1, 3 and 10 days. Results. The authors present the results of 54 chemical elements identification in water extracts of diatomite and lydite using ICP MS. In all water extracts Mg, Na, Ca, K and Al (up to several thousand Β΅g/l) are the predominant elements. Extracts of diatomite samples have a more homogeneous composition. The most important elements were: P - 650, Fe - 1700 (sample no. 1) and Mn - up to 3300 (sample no. 3) Β΅g/L. Concentrations in the range from 10 to 100 Β΅g/l are typical for a number of elements (Li, B, Ti, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr and Ba) of all diatomite samples. Extracts of diatomite samples no. 1 and 2 had a maximum concentration of light REE: Nd (up to 247 Β΅g/l), Ce (up to 230 Β΅g/l), La (up to 156 Β΅g/l). Chemical composition of extracts of lydite was differed markedly, both among themselves and from diatomites. Acidic medium (pH 4,5-4,6) of an aqueous extract of the sample lydite no. 4 contributed to accumulation of a number of elements Sr, Mn, U and, especially, Be, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Ba, Tl. At the same time, maximum concentrations of V, Mo, W, Zr, Hf were observed in the extract of sample no. 5 under slightly alkaline conditions (pH 7,4-7,5). We noted an excess of permissible limits of fishery water bodies for Al and Mn in all samples. The excess of the Β«normalΒ» maximum permissible concentrations have also shown the transition elements (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) in extracts of diatomite and sample lydite no. 4, as well as V and Mo in the sample lydite no. 5. The study of aqueous extracts of diatomite and lydites showed that diatomite and lydites under certain conditions can have a significant impact on composition of low-mineralized waters in the territory of Karelia. At the same time, the presence of useful elements for the plant growth (Mg, Ca, K, Cu, Zn, V, Mn, Sr, Y, Zr) gives the possibility of their use as a Β«softΒ» fertilizers (or additives to mineral fertilizers)