Two Stable, Conducting Conformations of the Selectivity Filter in Shaker K+ Channels

We have examined the voltage dependence of external TEA block of Shaker K+ channels over a range of internal K+ concentrations from 2 to 135 mM. We found that the concentration dependence of external TEA block in low internal K+ solutions could not be described by a single TEA binding affinity. The deviation from a single TEA binding isotherm was increased at more depolarized membrane voltages. The data were well described by a two-component binding scheme representing two, relatively stable populations of conducting channels that differ in their affinity for external TEA. The relative proportion of these two populations was not much affected by membrane voltage but did depend on the internal K+ concentration. Low internal K+ promoted an increase in the fraction of channels with a low TEA affinity. The voltage dependence of the apparent high-affinity TEA binding constant depended on the internal K+ concentration, becoming almost voltage independent in 5 mM. The K+ sensitivity of these low- and high-affinity TEA states suggests that they may represent one- and two-ion occupancy states of the selectivity filter, consistent with recent crystallographic results from the bacterial KcsA K+ channel. We therefore analyzed these data in terms of such a model and found a large (almost 14-fold) difference between the intrinsic TEA affinity of the one-ion and two-ion modes. According to this analysis, the single ion in the one-ion mode (at 0 mV) prefers the inner end of the selectivity filter twofold more than the outer end. This distribution does not change with internal K+. The two ions in the two-ion mode prefer to occupy the inner end of the selectivity filter at low K+, but high internal K+ promotes increased occupancy of the outer sites. Our analysis further suggests that the four K+ sites in the selectivity filter are spaced between 20 and 25% of the membrane electric field

Detection of Invasive Lionfish (Pterois volitans and Pterois miles) in the Gulf of Mexico Using Environmental DNA Methods

Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans) and Devil Firefish (Pterois miles) are Indo-Pacific species introduced into the western North Atlantic Ocean in the 1980s. Their range currently extends from New York to Florida and adjacent waters of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Since the original sighting in 2010 off the Texas coast lionfish populations in the Gulf of Mexico have increased substantially and negative ecological impacts are expected. Lionfish detection relies on underwater visual surveys using divers and ROVs which are expensive and not always effective. This study seeks to employ real time polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) to amplify aqueous environmental DNA (eDNA) as a highly sensitive alternative to detect and quantify lionfish. To minimize false positives and false negatives, highly specific primer sets targeting the mitochondrial DNA genome of lionfish were designed using ecoPrimers and ecoPCR. RT PCR on serial DNA dilutions indicated that the D-loop region was the best locus to amplify and quantify eDNA. Lionfish eDNA was successfully quantified in a series of mesocosms differing in volume at Moody Gardens Aquarium. Finally, the Red Lionfish presence was detected by assaying water samples collected from artificial reefs and the Flower Gardens Banks National Marine Sanctuary and adjacent reefs in the Gulf of Mexico

Membrane-delimited Inhibition of Maxi-K Channel Activity by the Intermediate Conductance Ca2+-activated K Channel

The complexity of mammalian physiology requires a diverse array of ion channel proteins. This diversity extends even to a single family of channels. For example, the family of Ca2+-activated K channels contains three structural subfamilies characterized by small, intermediate, and large single channel conductances. Many cells and tissues, including neurons, vascular smooth muscle, endothelial cells, macrophages, and salivary glands express more than a single class of these channels, raising questions about their specific physiological roles. We demonstrate here a novel interaction between two types of Ca2+-activated K channels: maxi-K channels, encoded by the KCa1.1 gene, and IK1 channels (KCa3.1). In both native parotid acinar cells and in a heterologous expression system, activation of IK1 channels inhibits maxi-K activity. This interaction was independent of the mode of activation of the IK1 channels: direct application of Ca2+, muscarinic receptor stimulation, or by direct chemical activation of the IK1 channels. The IK1-induced inhibition of maxi-K activity occurred in small, cell-free membrane patches and was due to a reduction in the maxi-K channel open probability and not to a change in the single channel current level. These data suggest that IK1 channels inhibit maxi-K channel activity via a direct, membrane-delimited interaction between the channel proteins. A quantitative analysis indicates that each maxi-K channel may be surrounded by four IK1 channels and will be inhibited if any one of these IK1 channels opens. This novel, regulated inhibition of maxi-K channels by activation of IK1 adds to the complexity of the properties of these Ca2+-activated K channels and likely contributes to the diversity of their functional roles