Sequencing and characterization of complete mitogenome DNA of Rasbora tornieri (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae: Rasbora) and its evolutionary significance

The yellowtail rasbora (Rasbora tornieri) is a miniature ray-finned fish categorized under the genus Rasbora in the family of Cyprinidae. In this study, a complete mitogenome sequence of R. tornieri was sequenced using four primers targeting two halves of the mitogenome with overlapping flanking regions. The size of mitogenome was 16,573 bp, housing 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and a putative control region. Identical gene organization was detected between this species and other members of Rasbora genus. The heavy strand encompassed 28 genes while the light strand accommodated the other nine genes. Most protein-coding genes execute ATG as start codon, excluding COI and ND3 genes, which utilized GTG instead. The central conserved sequence blocks (CSB-E, CSB-F and CSB-D), variable sequence blocks (CSB-1, CSB-3 and CSB-2) as well as the terminal associated sequence (TAS) were conserved within the control region. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic family tree revealed the divergence of R. tornieri from the basal region of the Rasbora clade, where its evolutionary relationships with other Rasbora members are poorly resolved as indicated by the low bootstrap values. This work acts as window for further population genetics and molecular evolution studies of Rasbora genus in future

Sequencing and characterization of complete mitogenome DNA for Rasbora myersi (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae: Rasbora) and its evolutionary significance

The Seluang fish (Rasbora myersi) is a small ray-finned fish categorized under the genus Rasbora in the Cyprinidae family. In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of R. myersi was sequenced using two primer pairs targeting overlapping regions. The mitogenome is 16,581 bp in length, encompassing 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and a putative control region. Identical gene organisation was observed between this species and other genus counterparts. The heavy strand accommodates 28 genes while the light strand houses the other nine genes. Most protein-coding genes utilize ATG as start codon, excluding COI gene, which employs GTG instead. The central conserved sequence blocks (CSB-F, CSB-E and CSB-D), variable sequence blocks (CSB-3, CSB-2 and CSB-1) as well as the terminal associated sequence (TAS) are conserved within the control region. The R. myersi formed a trio with R. borapetensis and R. argyrotaenia in a moderately strong clade with bootstrap value of 86. This work acts as essential gateway towards further molecular evolution and population genetics studies of the Rasbora genus in future

Sequencing and characterisation of complete mitogenome DNA for Rasbora sarawakensis (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae: Rasbora) with phylogenetic consideration

The Blueline Rasbora (Rasbora sarawakensis) is a small ray-finned fish categorized under the genus Rasbora in the Cyprinidae family. In this study, the complete mitogenome sequence of R. sarawakensis was sequenced using four primers targeting overlapping regions. The mitogenome is 16,709 bp in size, accommodating 22 transfer RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes and a putative control region. Identical gene organisation was detected between this species and other genus counterparts. The heavy strand houses 28 genes while the light strand stores the other nine genes. Most protein-coding genes employ ATG as start codon, excluding COI gene, which utilizes GTG instead. The central conserved sequence blocks (CSB-F, CSB-E and CSB-D), variable sequence blocks (CSB-3, CSB-2 and CSB-1) as well as the terminal associated sequence (TAS) are conserved in the control region. The maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree revealed the divergence of R. sarawakensis from the basal region of the Rasbora clade, where its evolutionary relationships with R. maculatus and R. pauciperforata are poorly resolved as indicated by the low bootstrap values. This work acts as steppingstone towards further molecular evolution and population genetics studies of Rasbora genus in future

In vitro regeneration and multiplication of borneo's endemic orchid phalaenopsis

Orchids are the second largest families of flowering plant after sunflowers families. Phalaenopsis and Vanda are the most popular orchids as potted plant and cut flowers across the world. Both of these species are endemic to Borneo and have been listed as endangered species. In vitro propagation is the technique used in this study. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of plant growth regulators and organic additives on multiplication of Phalaenopsis and Vanda orchids. The protocorms of Vanda dearei was cultured on½ MS media with the supplement of plant growth regulators, NAA and BAP and organic compound, coconut water, potato homogenate and banana homogenate at different concentrations. Between NAA and BAP, 0.5 mg/L of NAA has shown the most effective proliferation ofprotocorm with an average of 11.72. For organic additives, the most effective proliferation of protocorm was 15% of coconut water with an average of 8.32 number of new protocorms formed. For Phalaenopsis bellina, explants were culture on NAA, BAP and TDZ at different concentration, only 1.0 mg/L of TDZ has shown spherical like body formed after 12 weeks of culture

Complete Mitochondrial DNA Sequence of Rasbora : Mitogenome Characterization and Phylogenetic Implications

Rasbora are freshwater fishes that belongs to Cyprinidae family whereby most of its member share similar morphology which makes them difficult to be differentiated between species. In this study, both the morphometry analysis and mitochondrial DNA approach were used to resolve the phylogenetic relationship between these species. The complete sequence of mt-genome for R. argyrotaenia, R. myersi, R. sarawakensis and Rasbora sp. were 16,574 bp, 16,581 bp, 16,709 bp and 16,518 bp respectively. The structure of all study species mtDNA was characterized using bioinformatics analysis. Rasbora mt-genome comprises of a standard set of 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs, 13 PCGs and two typical non-coding regions. The AT-skew and GC-skew values in the whole genome of Rasbora were 0.141 and -0.268 respectively, revealing that the H-strand had the amount of C and A were more prevalent. All the tRNA genes could be folded into cloverleaf secondary structures, while the secondary structure of Ser (AGY) lacked a D arm (DHU stem). By comparing Rasbora genome sequence with the recognition sites in teleost species, five conserved sequence blocks were identified in the control region. The common conserved motif sequence of origin of L-strand replication were also identified. The phylogenetic analyses were based on the concatenated of nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence from 13 PCGs. The phylogenetic position of R. argyrotaenia, R. myersi, R. sarawakensis and Rasbora sp. were evaluated from the Maximum likelihood trees. Overall, this study enriches the knowledge of Rasbora mt-genomes while partially resolving the ambiguity of the phylogenetic relationships of Rasbora taxonomy