Class prevalence among the study sample and adjusted probabilities of responding to each indicator conditional upon membership in the latent class.

<p>*To understand this table’s content, take for instance class 1, which had a prevalence of 18.9%. Conditional upon membership in this class, class 1 respondents had very low adjusted probabilities (close to 0) of responding ‘Yes’ to the first 4 indicators listed and very high adjusted probabilities (close to 1.0) of responding ‘Yes’ to the last two indicators: ‘Has a current chronic medical health problem/pain problem’ and ‘Takes prescribed medication for a medical problem/Receives help for a medical problem, past 30 days’. Based on this pattern of response, class 1 was labeled, for ease of discussion, as ‘use as prescribed’.</p

Addiction Severity Index composite scores by latent prescription opioid use class.

<p>All one-way ANOVAs were statistically significant (p<0.05 or less) from one another, conducted with F (3, 26,311). The one-way ANOVAs returned results larger than the critical value of 2.70 (p = 0.05) or 3.98 (p = 0.01). In post-hoc comparisons of the ASI composites across classes, same letter superscripts denote statistically similar values, where p≥.05 in Tukey-Kramer post-hoc ANOVA tests. All other post-hoc comparisons were statistically different from one another. For instance, for ASI Employment, classes 1 and 2 have similar values (p>0.05) which are statistically different from classes 3 and 4 (p<0.05).</p><p>SD = standard deviation.</p

Overdose and blood-borne viral infection risk potential of the four latent prescription opioid use classes.

<p>‘X’ indicates risk factor present at 20% or greater and/or highest related ASI composite score in class; Low risk potential = no risk factors present; Elevated risk potential = one risk factor present; High risk potential = two or more risk factors present.</p><p>HCV = hepatitis C virus, HBV = hepatitis B virus, HIV = human immunodeficiency virus.</p

Socio-demographic and substance abuse covariates (%) of the four latent prescription opioid use classes (N = 26,314).

<p>All variables are statistically significant (p<0.05 or less) from one another, based on Pearson χ² tests of categorical variables (df = 3, χ² values larger than critical value 7.81) and ANOVA (F(3, 26,311) =  3,057, (p<0.001)) with Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests for multiple pairwise comparisons for the age variable.</p><p>SD = standard deviation.</p>*<p>For duration of use, illicit drugs include cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, and inhalants; heroin is presented separately. Therapeutics include benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and methadone and exclude all other prescription opioids.</p

Compounds and example prescription opioid medication products tracked by ASI-MV and included in analysis.

<p>*Includes methadone products used in the treatment of chronic pain only.</p><p>ER = extended release, IR = immediate release.</p><p>Note: This is a partial listing of the brand name and generic opioid analgesics tracked by ASI-MV and used in this analysis. Please contact Inflexxion, Inc. for the full list of products included in this analysis or for information on all Schedule II and III medications tracked by the ASI-MV.</p

Latent class-specific targeted interventions to reduce risk of addiction, overdose, and transmission of blood-borne viruses.

<p>C1-C4 refer to latent class 1 to 4. Classes within the shaded area represent those subpopulations less likely to be reached through medical care providers alone. BMI = brief motivational interviewing; PMP = prescription monitoring program; ED = emergency department; DUI = driving under the influence; SBIRT = screen, brief intervention, referral to treatment approach; SEP = syringe exchange program; POS = point of sale (e.g., pharmacy).</p