Demographic and Anthropometric Data in Children with PWS.

<p>BMI- body mass index. Continuous data are expressed as median (range) or mean ± standard deviation. Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and proportions.</p

Polysomnography Study Data in Children with PWS.

<p>CSA- central sleep apnea, OSA- obstructive sleep apnea, REM-rapid eye movement, SpO₂- peripheral oxygen saturation. Continuous data are expressed as median (range). Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and proportions.</p

Age, Anthropometrics and Polysomnography results for infants treated with supplemental oxygen for CSA.

<p>Polysomnography results on room air and with supplemental oxygen are presented.</p><p>BMI-body mass index; CAI-central apnea index; OAHI- obstructive apnea hypopnea index; SpO₂- saturation of peripheral oxygen; tcCO₂- trans cutaneous carbon dioxide; O₂- oxygen; *- split night study, DI number of desaturations >3% per hour; n/a- not available.</p

Impaired endothelial function in pediatric patients with Turner Syndrome and healthy controls: a case-control study

Background: Turner Syndrome women are at high risk of vascular disease and the assessment of early risk factors in Turner Syndrome girls is an emerging focus of research. Our objective was to evaluate endothelial function (EF), a preclinical measure of atherosclerosis, in Turner Syndrome girls compared with controls. Methods: A cross-sectional case-control study of Turner Syndrome girls and healthy controls. Subjects underwent fasting insulin and glucose with calculation of HOMA-IR, fasting lipid profile, anthropometrics, and EF testing using peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT). Subjects, aged 10-18 years, had karyotype-confirmed Turner Syndrome; growth hormone (GH), thyroxine and estrogen use were not exclusion criteria. Controls were age- and BMI-matched healthy girls. Fifteen Turner Syndrome and 15 controls were recruited. Results: Turner Syndrome girls had lower height, higher HDL and higher waist:height ratio than controls. PAThyperemia ratio (RH-PAT) scores were lower in Turner Syndrome (1.64 ± 0.34 vs. 2.08 ± 0.32, p = 0.002) indicating impaired EF. Among Turner Syndrome, RH-PAT did not vary with estrogen therapy or with karyotype 45,XO compared with other karyotypes. However, endothelial function was better in GH-treated compared with GHuntreated Turner Syndrome (1.80 ± 0.36 vs. 1.4 + 0.22, p = 0.02) although there were no differences in HOMA-IR, adiponectin or IGF-1. Conclusion: Girls with Turner Syndrome exhibit impaired endothelial function compared with controls, which may explain higher risk for vascular disease. GH may protect endothelial function in Turner Syndrome

Inter and intra-reliability of ultrasonography for the measurement of abdominal subcutaneous & visceral adipose tissue thickness at 12 weeks gestation

Background: Excess abdominal adiposity cause metabolic disturbances, particularly in pregnancy. Methods of accurate measurement are limited in pregnancy due to risks associated with these procedures. This study outlines a non-invasive methodology for the measurement of adipose tissue in pregnancy and determines the intra- and inter-observer reliability of ultrasound (US) measurements of the two components of adipose tissue (subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)) within a pregnant population. Methods: Thirty pregnant women were recruited at the end of their first trimester, from routine antenatal clinic at the University Maternity Hospital Limerick, Ireland. Measurements of adipose tissue thickness were obtained using a GE Voluson E8 employing a 1–5 MHz curvilinear array transducer. Two observers, employing methodological rigour in US technique, measured thickness of adipose tissue three times, and segmented the US image systematically in order to define measurements of SAT and VAT using specifically pre-defined anatomical landmarks. Results: Intra-observer and inter-observer precision was assessed using Coefficient of Variation (CV). Measurements of SAT and total adipose for both observers were < 5% CV and < 10% CV for VAT in measures by both observers. Inter-observer reliability was assessed by Limits of Agreement (LoA). LoA were determined to be − 0.45 to 0.46 cm for SAT and − 0.34 to 0.53 cm for VAT values. Systematic bias of SAT measurement was 0.01 cm and 0.10 cm for VAT. Inter-observer precision was also assessed by coefficient of variation (CV: SAT, 3.1%; VAT, 7.2%; Total adipose, 3.0%). Conclusion: Intra-observer precision was found to be acceptable for measures of SAT, VAT and total adipose according to anthropometric criterion, with higher precision reported in SAT values than in VAT. Inter-observer reliability assessed by Limits-Of-Agreement (LoA) confirm anthropometrically reliable to 0.5 cm. Systematic bias was minimal for both measures, falling within 95% confidence intervals. These results suggest that US can produce reliable, repeatable and accurate measures of SAT and VAT during pregnancy

Sleep-disordered breathing is increased in obese adolescents with craniopharyngioma compared with obese controls

Context: Retrospective studies suggest that adolescents with craniopharygnioma and hypothalamic obesity have increased sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). Objectives: The objectives of this study were to compare the prevalence of SDB in adolescents with craniopharyngioma-related obesity compared with body mass index (BMI)-matched controls and to explore possible relationships between SDB, insulin resistance, and adipocytokines

Additional file 1: of The CANadian Pediatric Weight management Registry (CANPWR): lessons learned from developing and initiating a national, multi-centre study embedded in pediatric clinical practice

Survey utilized to collect data from study sites. (DOC 28 kb