58 research outputs found
HL-Pow: A Learning-Based Power Modeling Framework for High-Level Synthesis
High-level synthesis (HLS) enables designers to customize hardware designs
efficiently. However, it is still challenging to foresee the correlation
between power consumption and HLS-based applications at an early design stage.
To overcome this problem, we introduce HL-Pow, a power modeling framework for
FPGA HLS based on state-of-the-art machine learning techniques. HL-Pow
incorporates an automated feature construction flow to efficiently identify and
extract features that exert a major influence on power consumption, simply
based upon HLS results, and a modeling flow that can build an accurate and
generic power model applicable to a variety of designs with HLS. By using
HL-Pow, the power evaluation process for FPGA designs can be significantly
expedited because the power inference of HL-Pow is established on HLS instead
of the time-consuming register-transfer level (RTL) implementation flow.
Experimental results demonstrate that HL-Pow can achieve accurate power
modeling that is only 4.67% (24.02 mW) away from onboard power measurement. To
further facilitate power-oriented optimizations, we describe a novel design
space exploration (DSE) algorithm built on top of HL-Pow to trade off between
latency and power consumption. This algorithm can reach a close approximation
of the real Pareto frontier while only requiring running HLS flow for 20% of
design points in the entire design space.Comment: published as a conference paper in ASP-DAC 202
Open-world Story Generation with Structured Knowledge Enhancement: A Comprehensive Survey
Storytelling and narrative are fundamental to human experience, intertwined
with our social and cultural engagement. As such, researchers have long
attempted to create systems that can generate stories automatically. In recent
years, powered by deep learning and massive data resources, automatic story
generation has shown significant advances. However, considerable challenges,
like the need for global coherence in generated stories, still hamper
generative models from reaching the same storytelling ability as human
narrators. To tackle these challenges, many studies seek to inject structured
knowledge into the generation process, which is referred to as structure
knowledge-enhanced story generation. Incorporating external knowledge can
enhance the logical coherence among story events, achieve better knowledge
grounding, and alleviate over-generalization and repetition problems in
stories. This survey provides the latest and comprehensive review of this
research field: (i) we present a systematical taxonomy regarding how existing
methods integrate structured knowledge into story generation; (ii) we summarize
involved story corpora, structured knowledge datasets, and evaluation metrics;
(iii) we give multidimensional insights into the challenges of
knowledge-enhanced story generation and cast light on promising directions for
future study
In Defense of Image Pre-Training for Spatiotemporal Recognition
Image pre-training, the current de-facto paradigm for a wide range of visual
tasks, is generally less favored in the field of video recognition. By
contrast, a common strategy is to directly train with spatiotemporal
convolutional neural networks (CNNs) from scratch. Nonetheless, interestingly,
by taking a closer look at these from-scratch learned CNNs, we note there exist
certain 3D kernels that exhibit much stronger appearance modeling ability than
others, arguably suggesting appearance information is already well disentangled
in learning. Inspired by this observation, we hypothesize that the key to
effectively leveraging image pre-training lies in the decomposition of learning
spatial and temporal features, and revisiting image pre-training as the
appearance prior to initializing 3D kernels. In addition, we propose
Spatial-Temporal Separable (STS) convolution, which explicitly splits the
feature channels into spatial and temporal groups, to further enable a more
thorough decomposition of spatiotemporal features for fine-tuning 3D CNNs. Our
experiments show that simply replacing 3D convolution with STS notably improves
a wide range of 3D CNNs without increasing parameters and computation on both
Kinetics-400 and Something-Something V2. Moreover, this new training pipeline
consistently achieves better results on video recognition with significant
speedup. For instance, we achieve +0.6% top-1 of Slowfast on Kinetics-400 over
the strong 256-epoch 128-GPU baseline while fine-tuning for only 50 epochs with
4 GPUs. The code and models are available at
https://github.com/UCSC-VLAA/Image-Pretraining-for-Video.Comment: Published as a conference paper at ECCV 202
SwinMM: Masked Multi-view with Swin Transformers for 3D Medical Image Segmentation
Recent advancements in large-scale Vision Transformers have made significant
strides in improving pre-trained models for medical image segmentation.
However, these methods face a notable challenge in acquiring a substantial
amount of pre-training data, particularly within the medical field. To address
this limitation, we present Masked Multi-view with Swin Transformers (SwinMM),
a novel multi-view pipeline for enabling accurate and data-efficient
self-supervised medical image analysis. Our strategy harnesses the potential of
multi-view information by incorporating two principal components. In the
pre-training phase, we deploy a masked multi-view encoder devised to
concurrently train masked multi-view observations through a range of diverse
proxy tasks. These tasks span image reconstruction, rotation, contrastive
learning, and a novel task that employs a mutual learning paradigm. This new
task capitalizes on the consistency between predictions from various
perspectives, enabling the extraction of hidden multi-view information from 3D
medical data. In the fine-tuning stage, a cross-view decoder is developed to
aggregate the multi-view information through a cross-attention block. Compared
with the previous state-of-the-art self-supervised learning method Swin UNETR,
SwinMM demonstrates a notable advantage on several medical image segmentation
tasks. It allows for a smooth integration of multi-view information,
significantly boosting both the accuracy and data-efficiency of the model. Code
and models are available at https://github.com/UCSC-VLAA/SwinMM/.Comment: MICCAI 2023; project page: https://github.com/UCSC-VLAA/SwinMM
Transport of intense ion beams in plasmas: collimation and energy-loss reduction
We compare the transport properties of a well-characterized hydrogen plasma
for low and high current ion beams. The energy-loss of low current beams can be
well understood, within the framework of current stopping power models.
However, for high current proton beams, significant energy-loss reduction and
collimation is observed in the experiment. We have developed a new
particle-in-cell code, which includes both collective electromagnetic effects
and collisional interactions. Our simulations indicate that resistive magnetic
fields, induced by the transport of an intense proton beam, act to collimate
the proton beam and simultaneously deplete the local plasma density along the
beam path. This in turn causes the energy-loss reduction detected in the
experiment
Influenza nucleoprotein delivered with aluminium salts protects mice from an influenza virus that expresses an altered nucleoprotein sequence
Influenza virus poses a difficult challenge for protective immunity. This virus is adept at altering its surface proteins, the proteins that are the targets of neutralizing antibody. Consequently, each year a new vaccine must be developed to combat the current recirculating strains. A universal influenza vaccine that primes specific memory cells that recognise conserved parts of the virus could prove to be effective against both annual influenza variants and newly emergent potentially pandemic strains. Such a vaccine will have to contain a safe and effective adjuvant that can be used in individuals of all ages. We examine protection from viral challenge in mice vaccinated with the nucleoprotein from the PR8 strain of influenza A, a protein that is highly conserved across viral subtypes. Vaccination with nucleoprotein delivered with a universally used and safe adjuvant, composed of insoluble aluminium salts, provides protection against viruses that either express the same or an altered version of nucleoprotein. This protection correlated with the presence of nucleoprotein specific CD8 T cells in the lungs of infected animals at early time points after infection. In contrast, immunization with NP delivered with alum and the detoxified LPS adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A, provided some protection to the homologous viral strain but no protection against infection by influenza expressing a variant nucleoprotein. Together, these data point towards a vaccine solution for all influenza A subtypes
Anomalous stopping of laser-accelerated intense proton beam in dense ionized matter
Ultrahigh-intensity lasers (10-10W/cm) have opened up new
perspectives in many fields of research and application [1-5]. By irradiating a
thin foil, an ultrahigh accelerating field (10 V/m) can be formed and
multi-MeV ions with unprecedentedly high intensity (10A/cm) in short
time scale (ps) are produced [6-14]. Such beams provide new options in
radiography [15], high-yield neutron sources [16], high-energy-density-matter
generation [17], and ion fast ignition [18,19]. An accurate understanding of
the nonlinear behavior of beam transport in matter is crucial for all these
applications. We report here the first experimental evidence of anomalous
stopping of a laser-generated high-current proton beam in well-characterized
dense ionized matter. The observed stopping power is one order of magnitude
higher than single-particle slowing-down theory predictions. We attribute this
phenomenon to collective effects where the intense beam drives an decelerating
electric field approaching 1GV/m in the dense ionized matter. This finding will
have considerable impact on the future path to inertial fusion energy.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure
Energy loss enhancement of very intense proton beams in dense matter due to the beam-density effect
Thoroughly understanding the transport and energy loss of intense ion beams
in dense matter is essential for high-energy-density physics and inertial
confinement fusion. Here, we report a stopping power experiment with a
high-intensity laser-driven proton beam in cold, dense matter. The measured
energy loss is one order of magnitude higher than the expectation of individual
particle stopping models. We attribute this finding to the proximity of beam
ions to each other, which is usually insignificant for relatively-low-current
beams from classical accelerators. The ionization of the cold target by the
intense ion beam is important for the stopping power calculation and has been
considered using proper ionization cross section data. Final theoretical values
agree well with the experimental results. Additionally, we extend the stopping
power calculation for intense ion beams to plasma scenario based on Ohm's law.
Both the proximity- and the Ohmic effect can enhance the energy loss of intense
beams in dense matter, which are also summarized as the beam-density effect.
This finding is useful for the stopping power estimation of intense beams and
significant to fast ignition fusion driven by intense ion beams
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