The process of article search and selection.

<p><i>From</i>: Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PRISMA Group (2009). <i>P</i>referred <i>R</i>eporting <i>I</i>terns for <i>S</i>ystematic Reviews and <i>M</i>eta-<i>A</i>nalyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med 6(6): e1000097. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/joumal.pmed1000097" target="_blank">10.1371/joumal.pmed1000097</a>. <b>For more information, visit</b><a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org" target="_blank">www.prisma-statement.org</a><b>.</b></p

Funnel plot of publication bias.

<p>Funnel plot of publication bias.</p

Characteristics of included articles.

<p>Characteristics of included articles.</p

Haplotype analyses of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms in hypertension and control subjects.

<p>All haplotypes with frequency greater than 1% detected in the haplotype analyses are shown in the table.</p><p>HS test, haplotype specific testing; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.</p>a<p>P values and OR values derived from comparing of a specific haplotype with the other two.</p>b<p>P values and OR values derived from comparing each haplotype with the base-line haplotype (T-A-C).</p>c<p>P value for global test comparing model with haplotypes to model without.</p

Stratified analyses of association between the genotypes and risk of essential hypertension in the obese and the non-obese participants.

<p>ORs adjusted for gender, age, body mass index, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum triglyceride levels, plasma glucose level, smoking habits and drinking habits. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SNP, single-nucleotide.</p><p>*ORs adjusted for gender was not performed in sub-group analyses of Male and Female.</p><p>P-value for the interaction between A46G genotype and body mass index on hypertension was 0.010.</p

The frequencies of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene C-47T, A46G and C79G polymorphisms genotypes.

<p>*P value of the comparison of the additive genetic model using the generalized linear model.</p><p>**P value of the comparison of allelic frequencies.</p

Characteristics of study participants.

<p>SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; Glu, glucose; Cr, creatinine; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; HR, heart rate.</p><p>Values are mean±SD.</p><p>NS indicates not significant.</p

The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene C-47T, A46G and C79G polymorphisms in obese and non-obese.

<p>The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the β2-adrenergic receptor gene C-47T, A46G and C79G polymorphisms in obese and non-obese.</p

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) block defined by the Haploview program based on the confidence interval method.

<p>a represents LD measure of D'. b represents LD measure of r².</p

Extreme drought impacts have been underestimated in grasslands and shrublands globally

Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of short-term (~1 y) drought events—the most common duration of drought—globally. Yet the impact of this intensification of drought on ecosystem functioning remains poorly resolved. This is due in part to the widely disparate approaches ecologists have employed to study drought, variation in the severity and duration of drought studied, and differences among ecosystems in vegetation, edaphic and climatic attributes that can mediate drought impacts. To overcome these problems and better identify the factors that modulate drought responses, we used a coordinated distributed experiment to quantify the impact of short-term drought on grassland and shrubland ecosystems. With a standardized approach, we imposed ~a single year of drought at 100 sites on six continents. Here we show that loss of a foundational ecosystem function—aboveground net primary production (ANPP)—was 60% greater at sites that experienced statistically extreme drought (1-in-100-y event) vs. those sites where drought was nominal (historically more common) in magnitude (35% vs. 21%, respectively). This reduction in a key carbon cycle process with a single year of extreme drought greatly exceeds previously reported losses for grasslands and shrublands. Our global experiment also revealed high variability in drought response but that relative reductions in ANPP were greater in drier ecosystems and those with fewer plant species. Overall, our results demonstrate with unprecedented rigor that the global impacts of projected increases in drought severity have been significantly underestimated and that drier and less diverse sites are likely to be most vulnerable to extreme drought