Synergistic interaction between creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in influencing hyperparathyroidism (defined as parathyroid hormone >70 pg/mL) among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.

<p>OR: odds ratio for hyperparathyroidism; Q1: first quartile.</p><p>Synergistic interaction between creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in influencing hyperparathyroidism (defined as parathyroid hormone >70 pg/mL) among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.</p

Weighted mean ± SE of serum parathyroid hormone levels (pg/mL) across quartiles of creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous), race/ethnicity, smoking status, and body mass index (continuous); Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus corrected total serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (both continuous).</p><p>Weighted mean ± SE of serum parathyroid hormone levels (pg/mL) across quartiles of creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.</p

Weighted mean ± SE of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels versus urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.

<p>Analyses were performed with two approaches: (1) creatinine-corrected urinary measurements, and (2) analyte concentration unadjusted for creatinine but urinary creatinine was included as a separate independent variable. <b>A</b>, Serum PTH levels by urinary perchlorate quartiles. <b>B</b>, Serum PTH levels by urinary nitrate quartiles. <b>C</b>, Serum PTH levels by urinary thiocyanate quartiles. Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, body mass index, corrected total serum calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. *<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001 versus first quartile.</p

Demographics and geometric means with 95% confidence intervals of urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.

<p>*<i>P</i><0.05, **<i>P</i><0.01, ***<i>P</i><0.001.</p><p>Demographics and geometric means with 95% confidence intervals of urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.</p

Adjusted odds ratio ± SE for hyperparathyroidism (HPT, defined as parathyroid hormone >70 pg/mL) by creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.

<p>Primary HPT was arbitrarily defined as albumin-corrected total serum calcium ≥9.5 mg/dL, and secondary HPT was defined as corrected calcium <9.5 mg/dL. <b>A</b>, Odd ratios by urinary perchlorate quartiles. <b>B</b>, Odd ratios by urinary nitrate quartiles. <b>C</b>, Odd ratios by urinary thiocyanate quartiles. Adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, smoking status, body mass index, corrected total serum calcium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels.</p

Adjusted regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) by multiple linear regression analysis for serum parathyroid hormone levels and creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous), race/ethnicity, smoking status, and body mass index (continuous); Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus corrected total serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (both continuous).</p><p>Adjusted regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) by multiple linear regression analysis for serum parathyroid hormone levels and creatinine-corrected urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.</p

Adjusted regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) by multiple linear regression analysis for serum parathyroid hormone levels and urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate (unadjusted for creatinine) among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.

<p>Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous), race/ethnicity, smoking status, body mass index (continuous), and urinary creatinine (continuous); Model 2: adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus corrected total serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (both continuous).</p><p>Adjusted regression coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) by multiple linear regression analysis for serum parathyroid hormone levels and urinary concentrations of perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate (unadjusted for creatinine) among the United States adults, NHANES 2005–2006.</p