Table_1_Categorizing numeric nutrients criteria and implications for water quality assessment in the Pearl River Estuary, China.docx

Coastal eutrophication, the over-enrichment of water with nutrients, has become a global ecological problem. As coastal waters are subjected to great pressure due to anthropogenic influences and climate change, establishing numeric nutrient criteria for coastal waters has been exceedingly complex at present. To control and improve the water quality of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE), based on the data from 2015 to 2020, the nutrient criteria of the PRE and adjacent waters were established using frequency statistical analysis. Based on the spatiotemporal salinity patterns, the coastal waters of the PRE were divided in three subareas namely freshwater (Zone I), mixed (Zone II), and seawater (Zone III) using cluster analysis. The recommended criteria values of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were 0.573, 0.312, and 0.134 mg·L-1 in Zones I, II, and III, respectively. The total nitrogen (TN) criterion for Zone III (0.222 mg·L-1) was much lower than those for Zone I (0.902 mg·L-1) and Zone II (0.885 mg·L-1).The dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) criteria were different for the three Zones, ranging from 0.004 to 0.009 mg·L-1, and the total phosphorus (TP) recommended criteria in Zones I, II, and III were 0.039, 0.028, and 0.020 mg·L-1, respectively. In the water quality assessment, the categorizing numeric nutrients criteria can be referred and applied into fresh, mixed, and seawater zones of PRE. The results of this study provide a new nutrient reference condition in the PRE, which could be helpful in establishing integrated land-ocean unified nutrient criteria and water quality assessment, and implementing effective coastal eutrophication control in the future.</p

Four Distinct Subgroups of Self-Injurious Behavior among Chinese Adolescents: Findings from a Latent Class Analysis

<div><p>Self-injurious behavior (SIB) among adolescents is an important public health issue worldwide. It is still uncertain whether homogeneous subgroups of SIB can be identified and whether constellations of SIBs can co-occur due to the high heterogeneity of these behaviors. In this study, a cross-sectional study was conducted on a large school-based sample and latent class analysis was performed (<i>n</i> = 10,069, mean age = 15 years) to identify SIB classes based on 11 indicators falling under direct SIB (DSIB), indirect SIB (ISIB), and suicide attempts (SAs). Social and psychological characteristics of each subgroup were examined after controlling for age and gender. Results showed that a four-class model best fit the data and each class had a distinct pattern of co-occurrence of SIBs and external measures. Class 4 (the baseline/normative group, 65.3%) had a low probability of SIB. Class 3 (severe SIB group, 3.9%) had a high probability of SIB and the poorest social and psychological status. Class 1 (DSIB+SA group, 14.2%) had similar scores for external variables compared to class 3, and included a majority of girls [odds ratio (OR) = 1.94]. Class 2 (ISIB group, 16.6%) displayed moderate endorsement of ISIB items, and had a majority of boys and older adolescents (OR = 1.51). These findings suggest that SIB is a heterogeneous entity, but it may be best explained by four homogenous subgroups that display quantitative and qualitative differences. Findings in this study will improve our understanding on SIB and may facilitate the prevention and treatment of SIB.</p></div

Differences in Correlates among the Four Classes.

<p>Differences in Correlates among the Four Classes.</p

Demographic Characteristics of Subjects.

<p>Demographic Characteristics of Subjects.</p

Profiles of 4 SIB classes.

<p>Proportions for the latent classes were based on estimated posterior probabilities. Class 1: DSIB+SA group (high endorsement of DSIB and SI, moderate SP; 14.4%); Class 2: ISIB group (low endorsement of DSIB and SI, high ISIB, no endorsement of SP or SB; 18.8%); Class 3: severe SIB group (highest endorsement of all SIBs; 4.1%); Class 4: normative group (lowest endorsement of DSIB and ISIB, no endorsement of SP or SB; 62.8%); SIB: self-injurious behavior; DSIB: direct self-injurious behavior; SA: suicide attempt; SI: suicide ideation; SP: suicide plan; ISIB: indirect self-injurious behavior; SB: suicide behavior; Red: Class 1; Blue: Class 2; Green: Class 3; Black: Class 4.</p

The summary of heavy metal concentrations (μg g^-1 dry weight for all elements except when otherwise noted) in suspended particulate matter of ZJB and other coastal areas.

<p>The summary of heavy metal concentrations (μg g^-1 dry weight for all elements except when otherwise noted) in suspended particulate matter of ZJB and other coastal areas.</p

Spatial variations of environmental parameters in winter and summer.

<p>(a) Temperature; (b) Salinity; (c) pH; (d) DO; (e) SPM; (f) Chl <i>a</i>.</p

Testing results of various quality-control measurements (n = 3).

<p>Testing results of various quality-control measurements (n = 3).</p

Spatial variations of heavy metals in suspended particulate matter in winter and summer.

<p>(a) Fe; (b) Mn; (c) Cr; (d) Ni; (e) Cu; (f) Zn; (g) Cd; (h) Pb.</p

Pearson correlation matrix for metals in different phases and related environmental parameters.

<p>Pearson correlation matrix for metals in different phases and related environmental parameters.</p