Table_2_Proteomic analysis response of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves to ultraviolet-B radiation stress.XLSX

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a human staple food and serves as a model organism for genetic and molecular studies. Few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress on rice. UV-B stress triggers morphological and physiological changes in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms governing these integrated responses are unknown. In this study, we conducted a proteomic response of rice leaves to UV-B stress using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified the selected proteins by mass spectrometry analysis. Four levels of daily biologically effective UV-B radiation intensities were imposed to determine changes in protein accumulation in response to UV-B stress: 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 kJ m−2 d−1in two cultivars, i.e., IR6 and REX. To mimic the natural environment, we conducted this experiment in Sunlit Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) chambers. Among the identified proteins, 11% of differentially expressed proteins were found in both cultivars. In the Rex cultivar, only 45% of proteins are differentially expressed, while only 27.5% were expressed in IR6. The results indicate that REX is more affected by UV-B stress than IR6 cultivars. The identified protein TSJT1 (spot 16) in both cultivars plays a crucial role in plant growth and development during stress treatment. Additionally, we found that UV-B stress altered many antioxidant enzymes associated with redox homeostasis and cell defense response. Another enzyme, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), has been identified as spot 15, which plays an essential role in glycolysis and cellular energy production. Another vital protein identified is glycosyl hydrolase (GH) as spot 9, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in cell wall polymers and significantly affects cell wall architecture. Some identified proteins are related to photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, signal transduction, and stress response. The findings of our study provide new insights into understanding how rice plants are tailored to UV-B stress via modulating the expression of UV-B responsive proteins, which will help develop superior rice breeds in the future to combat UV-B stress. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032163.</p

Image_1_Proteomic analysis response of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves to ultraviolet-B radiation stress.pdf

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a human staple food and serves as a model organism for genetic and molecular studies. Few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress on rice. UV-B stress triggers morphological and physiological changes in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms governing these integrated responses are unknown. In this study, we conducted a proteomic response of rice leaves to UV-B stress using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified the selected proteins by mass spectrometry analysis. Four levels of daily biologically effective UV-B radiation intensities were imposed to determine changes in protein accumulation in response to UV-B stress: 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 kJ m−2 d−1in two cultivars, i.e., IR6 and REX. To mimic the natural environment, we conducted this experiment in Sunlit Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) chambers. Among the identified proteins, 11% of differentially expressed proteins were found in both cultivars. In the Rex cultivar, only 45% of proteins are differentially expressed, while only 27.5% were expressed in IR6. The results indicate that REX is more affected by UV-B stress than IR6 cultivars. The identified protein TSJT1 (spot 16) in both cultivars plays a crucial role in plant growth and development during stress treatment. Additionally, we found that UV-B stress altered many antioxidant enzymes associated with redox homeostasis and cell defense response. Another enzyme, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), has been identified as spot 15, which plays an essential role in glycolysis and cellular energy production. Another vital protein identified is glycosyl hydrolase (GH) as spot 9, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in cell wall polymers and significantly affects cell wall architecture. Some identified proteins are related to photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, signal transduction, and stress response. The findings of our study provide new insights into understanding how rice plants are tailored to UV-B stress via modulating the expression of UV-B responsive proteins, which will help develop superior rice breeds in the future to combat UV-B stress. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032163.</p

Numerical simulations of insulin hexamer, dimer and monomer concentration kinetics in a model human islet at multiple glucose concentrations.

<p>Profiles show the dynamics of the concentrations of newly synthesized insulin (in hexamer dimer monomer ) and returned peripheral insulin and the equilibrium () (pM) at different clamped glucose inputs (mM).</p

Image_2_Proteomic analysis response of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves to ultraviolet-B radiation stress.pdf

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a human staple food and serves as a model organism for genetic and molecular studies. Few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress on rice. UV-B stress triggers morphological and physiological changes in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms governing these integrated responses are unknown. In this study, we conducted a proteomic response of rice leaves to UV-B stress using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified the selected proteins by mass spectrometry analysis. Four levels of daily biologically effective UV-B radiation intensities were imposed to determine changes in protein accumulation in response to UV-B stress: 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 kJ m−2 d−1in two cultivars, i.e., IR6 and REX. To mimic the natural environment, we conducted this experiment in Sunlit Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) chambers. Among the identified proteins, 11% of differentially expressed proteins were found in both cultivars. In the Rex cultivar, only 45% of proteins are differentially expressed, while only 27.5% were expressed in IR6. The results indicate that REX is more affected by UV-B stress than IR6 cultivars. The identified protein TSJT1 (spot 16) in both cultivars plays a crucial role in plant growth and development during stress treatment. Additionally, we found that UV-B stress altered many antioxidant enzymes associated with redox homeostasis and cell defense response. Another enzyme, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), has been identified as spot 15, which plays an essential role in glycolysis and cellular energy production. Another vital protein identified is glycosyl hydrolase (GH) as spot 9, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in cell wall polymers and significantly affects cell wall architecture. Some identified proteins are related to photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, signal transduction, and stress response. The findings of our study provide new insights into understanding how rice plants are tailored to UV-B stress via modulating the expression of UV-B responsive proteins, which will help develop superior rice breeds in the future to combat UV-B stress. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032163.</p

Table_1_Proteomic analysis response of rice (Oryza sativa) leaves to ultraviolet-B radiation stress.XLSX

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a human staple food and serves as a model organism for genetic and molecular studies. Few studies have been conducted to determine the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) stress on rice. UV-B stress triggers morphological and physiological changes in plants. However, the underlying mechanisms governing these integrated responses are unknown. In this study, we conducted a proteomic response of rice leaves to UV-B stress using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified the selected proteins by mass spectrometry analysis. Four levels of daily biologically effective UV-B radiation intensities were imposed to determine changes in protein accumulation in response to UV-B stress: 0 (control), 5, 10, and 15 kJ m−2 d−1in two cultivars, i.e., IR6 and REX. To mimic the natural environment, we conducted this experiment in Sunlit Soil-Plant-Atmosphere-Research (SPAR) chambers. Among the identified proteins, 11% of differentially expressed proteins were found in both cultivars. In the Rex cultivar, only 45% of proteins are differentially expressed, while only 27.5% were expressed in IR6. The results indicate that REX is more affected by UV-B stress than IR6 cultivars. The identified protein TSJT1 (spot 16) in both cultivars plays a crucial role in plant growth and development during stress treatment. Additionally, we found that UV-B stress altered many antioxidant enzymes associated with redox homeostasis and cell defense response. Another enzyme, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), has been identified as spot 15, which plays an essential role in glycolysis and cellular energy production. Another vital protein identified is glycosyl hydrolase (GH) as spot 9, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in cell wall polymers and significantly affects cell wall architecture. Some identified proteins are related to photosynthesis, protein biosynthesis, signal transduction, and stress response. The findings of our study provide new insights into understanding how rice plants are tailored to UV-B stress via modulating the expression of UV-B responsive proteins, which will help develop superior rice breeds in the future to combat UV-B stress. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD032163.</p

Model diagram for estimation of islet insulin concentration of hexamers, dimers, and monomers.

<p>This diagram reflects that, in an intact pancreatic islet, newly synthesized and released hexameric insulin dissolves into dimers and then monomers. Newly released insulin moves out of pancreas into peripheral circulation and then returns the islet with blood flow as ‘old’ peripheral insulin.</p

Comparison of predicted dose-response and observed dose-response values.¹

1<p>Data are from Polonsky et al 1988 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064860#pone.0064860-Polonsky1" target="_blank">[43]</a>.</p

Values of parameter q for different insulin formulations.¹

1<p>This table is adopted from Table IV in Tarin et al <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0064860#pone.0064860-Tarin1" target="_blank">[45]</a>.</p

Insulin secretion data rate and multiple glucose concentrations.

<p>Insulin secretion data rate and multiple glucose concentrations.</p

Toward Maximizing the Mechanical Property of Interconnected Macroporous Polystyrenes Made from High Internal Phase Emulsions

Macroporous materials polymerized from high internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) possess well-defined interconnected porous structures and tunable device shapes. This provides interesting property characteristics well-suited for a variety of applications. However, such materials also demonstrate poor mechanical performances, which limit their potential use. As will be demonstrated, this results from the high surfactant content required by PolyHIPEs. Herein, a new approach is introduced for designing a highly efficient polymeric surfactant, which generates interconnected pores in PolyHIPEs through designing an incompatible surfactant and skeleton material. The surfactant also possesses a hyperbranched topology, which combines the strong amphipathy of small molecular surfactants and the nanosphere structure of Pickering emulsifiers to provide an excellent colloidal stability to HIPEs. A hyperbranched polyethylene having pendant sodium sulfonate groups (HBPE–SO₃Na) was thus designed and synthesized via chain walking copolymerization of ethylene and 2-trimethylsilyloxyethyl acrylate followed by sulfonation. Stable HIPEs of styrene/divinylbenzene and water at a weight ratio of 1 to 5 were obtained with using HBPE–SO₃Na. The polymerization of HIPEs produced interconnected macroporous polystyrenes (PSs) at a substantially lower surfactant content, for example, 0.5 wt % HBPE–SO₃Na. The compressive Young’s moduli of PolyHIPEs reached 104–111 MPa with 0.5–2 wt % HBPE–SO₃Na, which is the first reported case of a PS-based PolyHIPE achieving its theoretical modulus. The PolyHIPE was used to support Au nanoparticles and embed in a column for oxidation of dimethylphenylsilane. A complete conversion of dimethylphenylsilanol was achieved with low column back pressure in a 50 h continuous reaction with no degradation of PolyHIPE integrity and mechanical property