The Bayesian inference (BI) tree of the studied species of Buprestidae based on the PCGRNA dataset.

The values above the nodes represent the Bayesian posterior probabilities.</p

Phylogenetic relationships of the studied species of Buprestidae using the CAT-GTR model based on the cd12 + rRNAs.

The values above the nodes represent the Bayesian posterior probabilities. (TIF)</p

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of <i>Endelus continentalis</i>.

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of Endelus continentalis.</p

The heterogeneity of the two datasets (PCGs and PCGRNA) for Buprestidae.

The heterogeneity of the two datasets (PCGs and PCGRNA) for Buprestidae.</p

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of <i>Cantonius szechuanensis</i>.

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of Cantonius szechuanensis.</p

Taxa used in the present study.

Agrilinae is the largest subfamily in Buprestidae, which includes the four tribes, namely Coraebini, Agrilini, Aphanisticini, and Tracheini. However, there is a need to verify the evolutionary relationships among the taxa in Buprestidae. Thus, to explore the phylogenetic position of Aphanisticini, the mitochondrial genomes of Endelus continentalis and Cantonius szechuanensis were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology. Three other mitogenomes of agriline beetles, Agrilus discalis, Sambus kanssuensis, and Habroloma sp., were also sequenced for the phylogenetic analyses. The divergence time of Buprestidae was estimated based on the mitogenomes. The general features of the known mitogenomes of Agrilinae were compared, analyzed, and summarized. Out of these five species, S. kanssuensis had the shortest mitogenome length (15,411), while Habroloma sp. had the longest (16,273). The gene arrangement of the five new sequences was identical to that of the reported buprestid mitogenomes. The Ka/Ks ratios of Meliboeus (0.79) and Endelus (0.78) were significantly larger than those of the other agriline genera. The results of the phylogeny indicated that Aphanisticini was more closely related to Tracheini and that the genus Sambus separated from the base of the Agrilinae clade at about 130 Ma. Moreover, Aphanisticini and Tracheini diverged at around 26 Ma.</div

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of <i>Agrilus discalis</i>.

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of Agrilus discalis.</p

Phylogenetic relationships of the studied species of Buprestidae using a Maximum-likelihood (ML) method based on the PCGRNA of the mitogenomes.

The numbers on the branches are the bootstrap value. (TIF)</p

Predicted cloverleaf structure of 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in the mitogenome of <i>Agrilus discalis</i>.

Predicted cloverleaf structure of 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) in the mitogenome of Agrilus discalis.</p

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of <i>Habroloma</i> sp.

Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) for the protein-coding genes (PCGs) of the mitogenome of Habroloma sp.</p