How Does Intensity of Social Network Sites Use Moderate Cybervictimization? Understanding the Factors and Conditions Using an R-Based Tool for Probing Moderation Effects

Studies on cyberbullying are replete with questions about whether certain risk or protective factors are likely to predict cyberbullying outcomes such as cybervictimization. Such questions can often be reframed in terms of moderation effects, or hypotheses about how the effect of a predictor variable on an outcome variable depends on the value of a moderator variable. Demonstrating how questions about moderation effects are conventionally tested using the dataset from the Teens and Parents survey conducted by the Pew Research Centre’s Internet and American Life Project, the current study found two sets of significant moderation effects that could be interpreted to mean that the predictive relationship between traditional victimization and cybervictimization depend on the teenager’s intensity of SNS use and gender. A secondary purpose of this paper is to extend the conventional analytic approach in the form of an R package that provide researchers with methods – based on the pick-a-point technique and the Johnson-Neyman technique – which they can use to probe moderation effects they find significant in their research projects. Empirical illustrations with the cyberbullying dataset are provided throughout to demonstrate the use of this R package

Sleep deprivation impairs object-selective attention: A view from the ventral visual cortex

10.1371/journal.pone.0009087PLoS ONE52

Culture Modulates Eye-Movements to Visual Novelty

Background: When viewing complex scenes, East Asians attend more to contexts whereas Westerners attend more to objects, reflecting cultural differences in holistic and analytic visual processing styles respectively. This eye-tracking study investigated more specific mechanisms and the robustness of these cultural biases in visual processing when salient changes in the objects and backgrounds occur in complex pictures. Methodology/Principal Findings: Chinese Singaporean (East Asian) and Caucasian US (Western) participants passively viewed pictures containing selectively changing objects and background scenes that strongly captured participants’ attention in a data-driven manner. We found that although participants from both groups responded to object changes in the pictures, there was still evidence for cultural divergence in eye-movements. The number of object fixations in the US participants was more affected by object change than in the Singapore participants. Additionally, despite the picture manipulations, US participants consistently maintained longer durations for both object and background fixations, with eyemovements that generally remained within the focal objects. In contrast, Singapore participants had shorter fixation durations with eye-movements that alternated more between objects and backgrounds. Conclusions/Significance: The results demonstrate a robust cultural bias in visual processing even when external stimuli draw attention in an opposite manner to the cultural bias. These findings also extend previous studies by revealing mor

Mean object fixation data for US and Singapore participants.

<p>Mean object fixation durations (a) and number of object fixations (b) are shown across all quartet conditions (Old and New objects/backgrounds) and picture repetitions (R0 to R3).</p

Eye gaze data for US and Singapore participants.

<p>Mean gaze distance covered within pictures (a) and proportion of gaze saccades between objects and backgrounds (b) are shown across all quartet conditions and picture repetitions.</p

Schematic of the experimental design showing example stimuli from the four picture quartet conditions (left) and the display timings (right).

<p>Schematic of the experimental design showing example stimuli from the four picture quartet conditions (left) and the display timings (right).</p

Donepezil Improves Episodic Memory in Young Individuals Vulnerable to the Effects of Sleep Deprivation

Sleep328999-1010SLEE