Morphology and Pattern Control of Diphenylalanine Self-Assembly <i>via</i> Evaporative Dewetting

Self-assembled peptide nanostructures have unique physical and biological properties and promising applications in electrical devices and functional molecular recognition. Although solution-based peptide molecules can self-assemble into different morphologies, it is challenging to control the self-assembly process. Herein, controllable self-assembly of diphenylalanine (FF) in an evaporative dewetting solution is reported. The fluid mechanical dimensionless numbers, namely Rayleigh, Marangoni, and capillary numbers, are introduced to control the interaction between the solution and FF molecules in the self-assembly process. The difference in the film thickness reflects the effects of Rayleigh and Marangoni convection, and the water vapor flow rate reveals the role of viscous fingering in the emergence of aligned FF flakes. By employing dewetting, various FF self-assembled patterns, like concentric and spokelike, and morphologies, like strips and hexagonal tubes/rods, can be produced, and there are no significant lattice structural changes in the FF nanostructures

The Delta K curve generated by Structure Harvester.

<p>K = 2 was estimated as the optimal.</p

Phylogeny of the derived 66 cyt <i>b</i> haplotypes in <i>M</i>. <i>himalayana</i>.

<p>a. Bayesian phylogenetic tree with <i>M</i>. <i>sibirica</i> as an outgroup and two referential sequences representing <i>M</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>himalayana</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>robusta</i> included. BSPs (percentages) and BPPs (decimals) for main identical nodes in BI and ML trees are displayed. b. Network of the 66 cyt <i>b</i> haplotypes. Black dots indicate unsampled or extinct haplotypes. Circle sizes correspond to the haplotype frequencies with the blue part representing the percentage in Region A and the yellow part that in Region B. The line length is approximately proportional to the number of mutation steps between the connected haplotypes.</p

The divergence times estimated with BEAST based on cyt <i>b</i> sequence data for Marmota.

<p>Bayesian posterior probabilities for main nodes were indicated by decimal numbers around them. Mean values and 95% HPDs (in brackets) are shown behind the arrows.</p

Characteristics of 11 microsatellite loci used here: Accession number, repeat motif, primer sequence, annealing temperature(AT, °C) and allele number (AN).

<p>Characteristics of 11 microsatellite loci used here: Accession number, repeat motif, primer sequence, annealing temperature(AT, °C) and allele number (AN).</p

Image3_Uncovering rearrangements in the Tibetan antelope via population-derived genome refinement and comparative analysis with homologous species.JPEG

Introduction: The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) is a remarkable mammal thriving in the extreme Qinghai-Tibet Plateau conditions. Despite the availability of its genome sequence, limitations in the scaffold-level assembly have hindered a comprehensive understanding of its genomics. Moreover, comparative analyses with other Bovidae species are lacking, along with insights into genome rearrangements in the Tibetan antelope.Methods: Addressing these gaps, we present a multifaceted approach by refining the Tibetan Antelope genome through linkage disequilibrium analysis with data from 15 newly sequenced samples.Results: The scaffold N50 of the refined reference is 3.2 Mbp, surpassing the previous version by 1.15-fold. Our annotation analysis resulted in 50,750 genes, encompassing 29,324 novel genes not previously study. Comparative analyses reveal 182 unique rearrangements within the scaffolds, contributing to our understanding of evolutionary dynamics and species-specific adaptations. Furthermore, by conducting detailed genomic comparisons and reconstructing rearrangements, we have successfully pioneered the reconstruction of the X-chromosome in the Tibetan antelope.Discussion: This effort enhances our comprehension of the genomic landscape of this species.</p

Results of Bayesian individual-based clustering in Structure with K = 2, K = 3 and K = 4.

<p>Each individual is represented by a single vertical bar divided into K colors. The colored segment shows the estimated proportion of membership to the genetic cluster.</p

Genetic evidence for subspecies differentiation of the Himalayan marmot, <i>Marmota himalayana</i>, in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

<div><p>The primary host of plague in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), China, is <i>Marmota himalayana</i>, which plays an essential role in the maintenance, transmission, and prevalence of plague. To achieve a more clear insight into the differentiation of <i>M</i>. <i>himalayana</i>, complete cytochrome <i>b</i> (cyt <i>b</i>) gene and 11 microsatellite loci were analyzed for a total of 423 individuals from 43 localities in the northeast of the QTP. Phylogenetic analyses with maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods showed that all derived haplotypes diverged into two primary well-supported monophyletic lineages, I and II, which corresponded to the referential sequences of two recognized subspecies, <i>M</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>himalayana</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>robusta</i>, respectively. The divergence between the two lineages was estimated to be at about 1.03 million years ago, nearly synchronously with the divergence between <i>M</i>. <i>baibacina</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>kastschenkoi</i> and much earlier than that between <i>M</i>. <i>vancouverensis</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>caligata</i>. Genetic structure analyses based on the microsatellite dataset detected significant admixture between the two lineages in the mixed region, which verified the intraspecies level of the differentiation between the two lineages. Our results for the first time demonstrated the coexistence of <i>M</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>himalayana</i> and <i>M</i>. <i>h</i>. <i>robusta</i>, and also, determined the distribution range of the two subspecies in the northeast of QTP. We provided fundamental information for more effective plague control in the QTP.</p></div

Genetic diversity of 43 populations of <i>M</i>.<i>himalayana</i>.

<p>Genetic diversity of 43 populations of <i>M</i>.<i>himalayana</i>.</p

Table2_Uncovering rearrangements in the Tibetan antelope via population-derived genome refinement and comparative analysis with homologous species.XLSX

Introduction: The Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) is a remarkable mammal thriving in the extreme Qinghai-Tibet Plateau conditions. Despite the availability of its genome sequence, limitations in the scaffold-level assembly have hindered a comprehensive understanding of its genomics. Moreover, comparative analyses with other Bovidae species are lacking, along with insights into genome rearrangements in the Tibetan antelope.Methods: Addressing these gaps, we present a multifaceted approach by refining the Tibetan Antelope genome through linkage disequilibrium analysis with data from 15 newly sequenced samples.Results: The scaffold N50 of the refined reference is 3.2 Mbp, surpassing the previous version by 1.15-fold. Our annotation analysis resulted in 50,750 genes, encompassing 29,324 novel genes not previously study. Comparative analyses reveal 182 unique rearrangements within the scaffolds, contributing to our understanding of evolutionary dynamics and species-specific adaptations. Furthermore, by conducting detailed genomic comparisons and reconstructing rearrangements, we have successfully pioneered the reconstruction of the X-chromosome in the Tibetan antelope.Discussion: This effort enhances our comprehension of the genomic landscape of this species.</p