Results of a Mantel test showing the correlation between pairwise Fst values and the logarithm of geographic distances of Chinese populations of <i>Plutella xylostella</i>.

<p>Reduced major axis (RMA) analyses were calculated from 10000 randomizations.</p

Removal of NO_<i>x</i> from Flue Gas Using Yellow Phosphorus and Phosphate Slurry as Adsorbent

A composite slurry containing yellow phosphorus and phosphate slurry was used to remove NO_<i>x</i> from flue gas, where yellow phosphorus is considered to promote generation of ozone from oxygen. The latter can oxidize NO to form more water-soluble N_<i>x</i>O_<i>y</i> species, finally converted to HNO₂ and HNO₃. These acids can react with phosphate slurry to form PO₄^3–. Thus, the final solution containing NO₃^– and PO₄^3– can be potentially used as raw material for the production of nitrogen phosphorus compound fertilizer. Moreover, effects of various parameters on NO_<i>x</i> removal efficiency were optimized, and single-factor experiments together with response surface optimization were applied for optimizing these parameters. It was indicated that the removal efficiency of NO_<i>x</i> can obtain 99.2% under optimal conditions. Subsequently, the corresponding reaction mechanisms were discussed. Therefore, using the mixtures of yellow phosphorus and phosphate slurry as absorbent not only obtains high NO_<i>x</i> removal efficiency, but can avoid the need to dispose of spent liquid wastes, which provides an attractive approach for controlling NO_<i>x</i>. Moreover, the present slurry system can eliminate NO_<i>x</i> and SO₂ simultaneously with high removal efficiency

Locations where <i>Plutella xylostella</i> populations were sampled in China.

<p>Arrows indicate possible migration routes based on shared haplotypes. The software Adobe Photoshop CS6, Micosoft PowerPoint 2013 and Micosoft Word 2013 were used to create and modify this map.</p

Comparison of <i>mtCO1</i> haplotype frequency distributions in samples of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> from South Korean (top) and in <i>Plutella xylostella</i> populations across China (bottom).

<p>Haplotypes with frequency ≤ 2 are not shown.</p

Statistical parsimony network of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> mt<i>COI</i> haplotypes.

<p>The red and blue circles represents shared and unique haplotypes, respectively. Haplotype names are beside the circles. The small circles indicate the presence of missing intermediates, while the connections are based on the set of plausible solutions with a 95% of parsimony probability.</p

UPGMA dendrogram of 23 populations of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> in China based on ISSR markers.

<p>UPGMA dendrogram of 23 populations of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> in China based on ISSR markers.</p

Insight into the Migration Routes of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> in China Using mt<i>COI</i> and ISSR Markers

<div><p>The larvae of the diamondback moth, <i>Plutella xylostella</i>, cause major economic losses to cruciferous crops, including cabbage, which is an important vegetable crop in China. In this study, we used the mitochondrial <i>COI</i> gene and 11 ISSR markers to characterize the genetic structure and seasonal migration routes of 23 <i>P</i>. <i>xylostella</i> populations in China. Both the mitochondrial and nuclear markers revealed high haplotype diversity and gene flow among the populations, although some degree of genetic isolation was evident between the populations of Hainan Island and other sampling sites. The dominant haplotypes, LX1 and LX2, differed significantly from all other haplotypes both in terms of the number of individuals with those haplotypes and their distributions. Haplotypes that were shared among populations revealed that <i>P</i>. <i>xylostella</i> migrates from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to northern China and then to northeastern China. Our results also revealed another potential migration route for <i>P</i>. <i>xylostella</i>, i.e., from southwestern China to both northwestern and southern China.</p></div

Results of genetic diversity and neutrality tests based on <i>mtCOI</i> sequences for populations of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> in China.

<p>H, number of haplotypes; Hd, haplotype diversity; Pi, nucleotide diversity; k, average number of nucleotide differences.</p><p>*P<0.05</p><p>**P<0.01.</p><p>Results of genetic diversity and neutrality tests based on <i>mtCOI</i> sequences for populations of <i>Plutella xylostella</i> in China.</p