Effects of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on intestinal morphology in weaning piglets (n = 6).

<p>Effects of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on intestinal morphology in weaning piglets (n = 6).</p

Primer pairs used in the RT-PCR.

<p>Primer pairs used in the RT-PCR.</p

Relative mRNA expression of jejunal moucosa glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase 1(GLUD1).

<p>Ala, diet supplemented with 12.1 g alanine/kg, Glu, diet supplemented with 20 g glutamate/kg. mRNA expression levels were normalized using β-actin as an internal control. Values are expressed as mean±SEM. ^{a, b}Mean values within different letters were significantly different (P<0.05).</p

Effect of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on Relative mRNA expression of jejunal mucosa amino acid receptors and transporters in weaning piglets (n = 6).

<p>Effect of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on Relative mRNA expression of jejunal mucosa amino acid receptors and transporters in weaning piglets (n = 6).</p

Effects of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on jejunal mucosa GOT and GPT in weaning piglets (n = 6).

<p>Effects of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on jejunal mucosa GOT and GPT in weaning piglets (n = 6).</p

Effect of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on the concentrations plasma amino acid in weaning piglets (n = 6).

<p>Effect of dietary L-glutamate supplementation on the concentrations plasma amino acid in weaning piglets (n = 6).</p

Relative mRNA expression of jejunal mucosa occludin, zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1), and claudin-1.

<p>Ala, diet supplemented with 12.1 g alanine/kg, Glu, diet supplemented with 20 g glutamate/kg. mRNA expression levels were normalised using β-actin as an internal control. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM. ^{a, b}Mean values within different letters were significantly different (P<0.05).</p

Relative mRNA expression of proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (a), Relative mRNA expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) (b) and Relative miRNA expression of miR23a (c).

<p>Diet A contained 44.1% starch, diet B contained 37.6% starch and diet C contained 30.9% starch. mRNA expressions were normalized to 18s rRNA gene expression. miRNA expression was normalized to UniSp6 expression. Data were shown as the mean ± standard error of eight replicates. ^a,bMean values within different letters were significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Relative mRNA expression of myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform genes in LL muscles.

<p>Diet A contained 44.1% starch, diet B contained 37.6% starch and diet C contained 30.9% starch. mRNA expression was normalized to 18s rRNA gene expression. Data were shown as the mean ± standard error of eight replicates. ^a,bMean values within different letters were significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Relative mRNA expression of SRY-box containing gene 6 (Sox6) (a) and Relative miRNA expression of miR499 (b).

<p>Diet A contained 44.1% starch, diet B contained 37.6% starch and diet C contained 30.9% starch. mRNA expression was normalized to 18s rRNA gene expression. miRNA expressions were normalized to UniSp6 expression. Data were shown as the mean ± standard error of eight replicates. ^a,bMean values within different letters were significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05).</p