Functional Solution Composed of Cu(I) Salt and Ionic Liquids to Separate Propylene from Propane

We prepared a new class of functional solutions by dissolving CuCl or CuBr into 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([BMIM]­[Br]) or 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([EMIM]­[Br]). We determined experimentally the solubility of propylene and propane in such solutions respectively at 1–8 bar and 298–313 K, and investigated the separation of propylene from propylene/propane mixture. The absorption capacity and selectivity for propylene were enhanced with the addition of Cu­(I) salt and were affected by cationic side chain and anionic species following this order [EMIM]­[Br]-CuCl < [EMIM]­[Br]-CuBr < [BMIM]­[Br]-CuCl < [BMIM]­[Br]-CuBr. It was observed that this absorption was a chemical nature through π-interaction between Cu­(I) cation and propylene. In a typical result, the absorption capacity for propylene of [BMIM]­[Br]-CuBr (Cu­(I) cation, 1.5 M) is 0.13 mol/L at 298 K and 1 bar while it is 0.01 mol/L for propane with a selectivity of 13, which is comparable to those absorption systems with more expensive silver salts; the selectivity is high, up to 64.6 for 80 mol % propylene mixture with propane. The effects of temperature and pressure on absorption were investigated. Such systems of Cu­(I) salt and ionic liquids are potential absorption reagents for separation of propylene and propane with competitive cost to silver systems

An example of parallel named entities in HTML in Chinese (a) and English (b).

<p>An example of parallel named entities in HTML in Chinese (a) and English (b).</p

The HTML text of the list in Figure 3 in Chinese (a) and English (b).

<p>The HTML text of the list in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067526#pone-0067526-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> in Chinese (a) and English (b).</p

Information after expanding thesauruses.

<p>Weight alg means the combined algorithm.</p

Performance from BaiduBaike, baseline and Weight algorithm in the I2B2 corpus (%).

<p>Weight alg means the combined algorithm.</p

Highest-ranked contextual patterns for the three classes (XXX means entity).

<p>Highest-ranked contextual patterns for the three classes (XXX means entity).</p

The diagram block of Chinese seed thesauruses extraction.

<p>The diagram block of Chinese seed thesauruses extraction.</p

The upper graph depicts the baseline algorithm while the lower graph depicts the improved algorithm.

<p>The upper graph depicts the baseline algorithm while the lower graph depicts the improved algorithm.</p

Some of the extracted candidate lists from the webpage in Figure 3 in Chinese (a) and English (b).

<p>Some of the extracted candidate lists from the webpage in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0067526#pone-0067526-g003" target="_blank">Figure 3</a> in Chinese (a) and English (b).</p

Image_2_Phylogeography of Parasyncalathium souliei (Asteraceae) and Its Potential Application in Delimiting Phylogeoregions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP)-Hengduan Mountains (HDM) Hotspot.JPEG

<p>Biogeographic regionalization can help to better understand diversity in biogeography, conservation, and macroecology. Historical regionalization schemes typically focus on species distributions, often rarely considering the rich context that phylogeographic information can provide. We investigated whether phylogeographic data could help to delineate floristic regions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP)-Hengduan Mountains (HDM) region by analyzing phylogeographic structure in the herb Parasyncalathium souliei (Asteraceae). We sequenced the plastid psbA-trnH and trnL-rpl32 spacer regions for 417 individuals in 36 populations across the geographic range of the species. To estimate the phylogeographic history of this species, a series of population genetic, phylogenetic, molecular dating, and haplotype network analyses were conducted, as were tested for historical demographic expansions. Using occurrence data, species distribution modeling was used to estimate geographic distributions at three time points: the present, the Mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum. Significant phylogeographic structure was evident (N_ST> G_ST; P < 0.05) among the 37 haplotypes detected. Four major haplogroups were identified based on phylogenetic analyses. Private haplotypes were restricted to geographically distinct regions that generally corresponded to previously identified biogeographic subregions within the QTP-HDM region. Our results imply Pliocene-Pleistocene diversification of P. souliei and suggest that the species may have been geographically widespread early in its history. This study may provide valuable evidence for phylogeographic regionalization using chloroplast genetic data in a common, widespread endemic species from the QTP-HDM.</p