An efficient and effective nonlinear solver in a parallel software for large scale petroleum reservoir simulation

Abstract. We study a parallel Newton-Krylov-Schwarz (NKS) based algorithm for solving large sparse systems resulting from a fully implicit discretization of partial differential equations arising from petroleum reservoir simulations. Our NKS algorithm is designed by combining an inexact Newton method with a rank-2 updated quasi-Newton method. In order to improve the computational efficiency, both DDM and SPMD parallelism strategies are adopted. The effectiveness of the overall algorithm depends heavily on the performance of the linear preconditioner, which is made of a combination of several preconditioning components including AMG, relaxed ILU, up scaling, additive Schwarz, CRPlike(constraint residual preconditioning), Watts correction, Shur complement

The Effect of Hospital Vertical Integration on Health Care Quality in China

The rapid growth of hospital integration activities in China has made it critical to understand whether integration in health care markets enhanced or damaged quality. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of hospital integration on health care quality in Shanghai. Using difference-in-difference analysis, the authors analyze cure rate and length of stay for gastric ulcer patients. The data indicates that hospital integration has positive impact on cure rate 4 years after integration at the 10% significant, but has no significant impact on length of stay. The authors also discuss the implications of these findings and offer directions for future research

A Driver Modeling Based on the Preview-Follower Theory and the Jerky Dynamics

Based on the preview optimal simple artificial neural network driver model (POSANN), a new driver model, considering jerky dynamics and the tracing error between the real track and the planned path, is established. In this paper, the modeling for the driver-vehicle system is firstly described, and the relationship between weighting coefficients of driver model and system parameters is examined through test data. Secondly, the corresponding road test results are presented in order to verify the vehicle model and obtain the information on drive model and vehicle parameters. Finally, the simulations are carried out via CarSim. Simulation results indicate that the jerky dynamics need to be considered and the proposed new driver model can achieve a better path-following performance compared with the POSANN driver model

Using an Improved SWAT Model to Simulate Karst Sinkholes: A Case Study in Southwest China

Hydrological simulation of the karst area is significant for assessing water resources accurately and exploring the relationship in the hydrologic cycle. However, the existence of sinkholes causes the spatial heterogeneity of aquifers and changes the distribution of surface water as well as groundwater, which makes the traditional hydrogeological model difficult to quantitatively characterize the hydrological processes of the sinkhole. Hence, improving the hydrological model for the karst area is a necessary direction at present. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is one of the most widely used semi-distributed hydrological models right now in the world. In this study, we focused on the upper course of the South Panjiang River and used the pond module of the SWAT model to simulate karst sinkholes, modifying the source code to realize the rapid response to the recharge in karst sinkholes. After the improvement, the surface runoff, especially the peak value of the Xiqiao Hydrological Station at the outlet, has been reduced, while the baseflow of modified subbasins has been increased and the water yield is under a state of water balance. In addition, the model evaluation factor R2 was strengthened from 0.76 to 0.83 and NSE was strengthened from 0.66 to 0.79 of the Xiqiao Hydrological Station during the validation period. The improved model was used to analyze the spatial distribution of hydrological components. Also, it was found there are spatial relations between runoff modulus–slope and baseflow–surface runoff–land use types. The analysis demonstrated that the improved SWAT model could effectively change the hydrological components and simulate the rapid replenishment of karst sinkholes

Mechano-stimulated modifications in the chloroplast antioxidant system and proteome changes are associated with cold response in wheat

BACKGROUND: Mechanical wounding can cause morphological and developmental changes in plants, which may affect the responses to abiotic stresses. However, the mechano-stimulation triggered regulation network remains elusive. Here, the mechano-stimulation was applied at two different times during the growth period of wheat before exposing the plants to cold stress (5.6 °C lower temperature than the ambient temperature, viz., 5.0 °C) at the jointing stage. RESULTS: Results showed that mechano-stimulation at the Zadoks growth stage 26 activated the antioxidant system, and substantially, maintained the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species. In turn, the stimulation improved the electron transport and photosynthetic rate of wheat plants exposed to cold stress at the jointing stage. Proteomic and transcriptional analyses revealed that the oxidative stress defense, ATP synthesis, and photosynthesis-related proteins and genes were similarly modulated by mechano-stimulation and the cold stress. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that mechano-stimulated modifications of the chloroplast antioxidant system and proteome changes are related to cold tolerance in wheat. The findings might provide deeper insights into roles of reactive oxygen species in mechano-stimulated cold tolerance of photosynthetic apparatus, and be helpful to explore novel approaches to mitigate the impacts of low temperature occurring at critical developmental stages. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0610-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

The Emerging Roles of the RNA Binding Protein QKI in Cardiovascular Development and Function

RNA binding proteins (RBPs) have a broad biological and physiological function and are critical in regulating pre-mRNA posttranscriptional processing, intracellular migration, and mRNA stability. QKI, also known as Quaking, is a member of the signal transduction and activation of RNA (STAR) family, which also belongs to the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K- (hnRNP K-) homology domain protein family. There are three major alternatively spliced isoforms, QKI-5, QKI-6, and QKI-7, differing in carboxy-terminal domains. They share a common RNA binding property, but each isoform can regulate pre-mRNA splicing, transportation or stability differently in a unique cell type-specific manner. Previously, QKI has been known for its important role in contributing to neurological disorders. A series of recent work has further demonstrated that QKI has important roles in much broader biological systems, such as cardiovascular development, monocyte to macrophage differentiation, bone metabolism, and cancer progression. In this mini-review, we will focus on discussing the emerging roles of QKI in regulating cardiac and vascular development and function and its potential link to cardiovascular pathophysiology

Risk assessment of specific heavy metals cumulative exposure to dendrobium officinale in nine provinces in China

ObjectiveTo understand the consumption of dendrobium officinale， by residents in nine Chinese provinces， and assess the cumulative levels of exposure related to four heavy metals （lead， cadmium， mercury， and arsenic） in dendrobium officinale consumers.MethodsConsumption data from nine Chinese provinces from 2019 and 2022 and a literature review were used based on a simple distribution model and the hazard index （HI） method to assess the health risk of four heavy metals .ResultsConsumers mainly preferred dried dendrobium officinale （37.3%） and commonly consumed it by brewing tea or cooking soup. The average value of a single consumption amount was 8.2 g/person. Fresh dendrobium officinale was consumed by 12.9% of the surveyed population， primarily through juicing with an average single serving size of 30.8 g/person. The exposure assessment results indicate that in the case of dendrobium officinale （dried/fresh）， the exposure levels of four heavy metals exposure in dried products were consistently higher than in fresh ones. Additionally， the average exposure level of lead （dried/fresh） was the highest； arsenic exposure levels for different gender-age groups were above the health guidance value or 5% reference dose ［Margin of exposure （MOE>1）］. Average lead exposure exceeded the standard （MOE>1）， whereas the 95th percentile （P95） values exposure were below 1 （MOE<1）. Cadmium and mercury exposure levels are below the 5% health guidance value.The assessment results of heavy metal exposure in residents consuming dendrobium officinale in different provinces indicate that residents in Jiangxi Province have the highest levels of exposure to four types of heavy metals. The MOE values for high-end exposure to lead in both Jiangxi Province and Zhejiang Province are less than 1. The cumulative assessment of 4 elements indicates that the HI values for consumers of dendrobium officinale are all less than 1.ConclusionConsumers of dendrobium officinale in China have low health risks associated with arsenic， cadmium， and mercury exposure. However， individuals with high food intake individuals should pay attention to the health risks associated with lead exposure

Meta analysis of heavy metal and pesticide pollution status of nine medicinal and edible substances

ObjectiveTo evaluate the heavy metal and pesticide pollution status of nine medicinal and edible substances， including Eucommia ulmoides leaves， Codonopsis pilosula， Cistanche deserticola， Dendrobium candidum， Astragalus membranaceus， Panax quinquefolium， Gastrodia elata， Ganoderma lucidum， and Corni Fructus.MethodsPubMed， China National Knowledge Network （CNKI）， VIP， and Wanfang databases were searched to obtain research literature published from 2000 to 2022 on heavy metals， pesticides， and environmental pollutants in nine medicinal and edible substances. The literature was screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria， and the included studies were analyzed and pooled into estimates using meta-analysis.ResultsA total of 106 studies encompassing seven heavy metals， including lead （Pb）， cadmium （Cd）， mercury （Hg）， arsenic （As）， chromium （Cr）， copper （Cu）， and nickel （Ni）， and 42 pesticides， including organochlorine， pyrethroid， and organophosphorus， of nine types of medicinal and edible substances used as food collected from 23 provinces （municipalities） were comprehensively analyzed. The average heavy metal content in the medicinal and edible substances used as food was 0.22 mg/kg （95%CI： 0.13~0.39）， and the average heavy metal content of Eucommia ulmoides leaves was the highest （2.80 mg/kg， 95%CI： 0.75~10.37）， followed by Dendrobium candidum with an average value of 0.30 mg/kg （95%CI： 0.18~0.49）. The average value of heavy metals in the other medicinal and edible substances was lower than 0.30 mg/kg. Among the seven heavy metals analyzed， the Cu exhibited the highest content， followed by Cd and Pb. Subgroup analysis showed that the contents of the seven heavy metals in medicinal and edible substances collected from different locations had high heterogeneity （P<0.05）. The meta-analysis showed that heterogeneity existed in the mean values of 42 pesticides （P<0.05）， and the total mean values of pentachloronitrobenzene， BHC and DDT in Dendrobium candidum， Panax quinquefolium， Cistanche deserticola， Astragalus membranaceus， and Gastrodia elata were the highest.ConclusionThere are differences in the categories and contamination levels of heavy metals and pesticides in medicinal and edible substances. Heavy metal pollution is related to the origin and type of medicinal and edible substances. Prohibited pesticides can be detected in certain medicinal and edible substances， and further traceability analyses of pollutants in medicinal and edible substances should be conducted. The supervision and monitoring of the production and processing of medicinal and edible substances should be strengthened