Table_1_Waist-to-calf circumstance ratio and cognitive function among Chinese older adults: Mediating roles of physical performance and social activity.docx

BackgroundIn light of the potentially detrimental effects of central fat and decreased muscle mass on cognitive function, it would be beneficial to learn more about the mediating mechanisms underpinning the association between the two. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between waist-to-calf circumstance ratio (WCR) and cognitive function, as well as to investigate whether physical performance and social activity mediate the relationship between WCR and cognitive function among older Chinese adults.MethodsAn analysis of 9,652 older Chinese adults was conducted during the 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a self-reported scale were used to measure cognitive function, physical performance, and social activity, respectively. Multiple linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted.ResultsThe findings suggest that a high WCR had a significant negative association with cognitive function (B = −0.535, 95% CI: −0.754, −0.317). Mediation analysis revealed that a high WCR influenced old adults' cognitive function in three ways: first, through the partial mediating effect of physical performance (B = −0.270; 95% CI: −0.340, −0.203); second, through the partial mediating effect of social activity (B = −0.035; 95% CI: −0.055, −0.017); and third, through the serial mediating effects of physical performance and social activity (B = −0.021, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.015).ConclusionThe study results suggest the adverse impact of a high WCR on older adults' cognitive function, and the possible mechanisms of physical performance and social activity by which the association takes place. Multidimensional health and social interventions aimed at improving physical, social, and cognitive functioning among older adults with sarcopenic obesity are recommended.</p

Image_2_Waist-to-calf circumstance ratio and cognitive function among Chinese older adults: Mediating roles of physical performance and social activity.TIF

BackgroundIn light of the potentially detrimental effects of central fat and decreased muscle mass on cognitive function, it would be beneficial to learn more about the mediating mechanisms underpinning the association between the two. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between waist-to-calf circumstance ratio (WCR) and cognitive function, as well as to investigate whether physical performance and social activity mediate the relationship between WCR and cognitive function among older Chinese adults.MethodsAn analysis of 9,652 older Chinese adults was conducted during the 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a self-reported scale were used to measure cognitive function, physical performance, and social activity, respectively. Multiple linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted.ResultsThe findings suggest that a high WCR had a significant negative association with cognitive function (B = −0.535, 95% CI: −0.754, −0.317). Mediation analysis revealed that a high WCR influenced old adults' cognitive function in three ways: first, through the partial mediating effect of physical performance (B = −0.270; 95% CI: −0.340, −0.203); second, through the partial mediating effect of social activity (B = −0.035; 95% CI: −0.055, −0.017); and third, through the serial mediating effects of physical performance and social activity (B = −0.021, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.015).ConclusionThe study results suggest the adverse impact of a high WCR on older adults' cognitive function, and the possible mechanisms of physical performance and social activity by which the association takes place. Multidimensional health and social interventions aimed at improving physical, social, and cognitive functioning among older adults with sarcopenic obesity are recommended.</p

Image_1_Waist-to-calf circumstance ratio and cognitive function among Chinese older adults: Mediating roles of physical performance and social activity.TIF

BackgroundIn light of the potentially detrimental effects of central fat and decreased muscle mass on cognitive function, it would be beneficial to learn more about the mediating mechanisms underpinning the association between the two. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between waist-to-calf circumstance ratio (WCR) and cognitive function, as well as to investigate whether physical performance and social activity mediate the relationship between WCR and cognitive function among older Chinese adults.MethodsAn analysis of 9,652 older Chinese adults was conducted during the 2018 wave of the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a self-reported scale were used to measure cognitive function, physical performance, and social activity, respectively. Multiple linear regression and mediation analyses were conducted.ResultsThe findings suggest that a high WCR had a significant negative association with cognitive function (B = −0.535, 95% CI: −0.754, −0.317). Mediation analysis revealed that a high WCR influenced old adults' cognitive function in three ways: first, through the partial mediating effect of physical performance (B = −0.270; 95% CI: −0.340, −0.203); second, through the partial mediating effect of social activity (B = −0.035; 95% CI: −0.055, −0.017); and third, through the serial mediating effects of physical performance and social activity (B = −0.021, 95% CI: −0.029, −0.015).ConclusionThe study results suggest the adverse impact of a high WCR on older adults' cognitive function, and the possible mechanisms of physical performance and social activity by which the association takes place. Multidimensional health and social interventions aimed at improving physical, social, and cognitive functioning among older adults with sarcopenic obesity are recommended.</p

ALFF result in participants with CD compared to TD participants.

<p>ALFF result in participants with CD compared to TD participants.</p

Descriptive statistics on the demographics characteristics of reoffending and no reoffending youth offenders on baseline (<i>n</i> = 246).

<p>Descriptive statistics on the demographics characteristics of reoffending and no reoffending youth offenders on baseline (<i>n</i> = 246).</p

Predicting Reoffending Using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY): A 5-Year Follow-Up Study of Male Juvenile Offenders in Hunan Province, China

<div><p>Background</p><p>Juvenile violent offending is a serious worldwide public health issue.</p><p>Objective</p><p>The study examined whether the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) can be used to predict violent reoffending in Chinese male juvenile offenders, and to determine which risk/protective domains (items) are associated with violent recidivism.</p><p>Methods</p><p>A total of 246 male juvenile offenders were recruited. SAVRY domains were scored by trained raters based on file review and interviews with participants and their legal guardians. Information on further arrests, charges, or convictions for violent offences were collected from police records over a five year follow-up.</p><p>Results</p><p>Over the course of the five year follow-up periods, 63 (25.6%) juvenile offenders were re-arrested for a further violent reoffence. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses showed Areas Under the Curve (AUCs) ranging from 0.60 to 0.68 for the SAVRY total, risk and protective score domains. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that 7 of the 30 SAVRY items were significantly associated with reoffending; explaining 36.2% of the variance. Backward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis showed the independently predictive items were items 2 (‘history of non-violent offending’), 17 (‘negative attitudes’), 18 (‘risk-taking/impulsivity’), and 20 (‘anger management problems’). Together these four items explained 25.0% of the variance in reoffending.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The results suggested that the SAVRY can be meaningfully used to inform the development and evaluation of effective violence risk assessment and management approaches for male juvenile offenders detained in a Youth Detention Center in Hunan province, China.</p></div

SAVRY total, domains scores, numbers of high risk items and the prediction of reoffending.

<p>SAVRY total, domains scores, numbers of high risk items and the prediction of reoffending.</p

Demographic characteristics and descriptive statistics for the CD and TD.

<p>SCARED = Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders; DSRS = Birleson Depression Self-Rating Scale. K-SADS-PL: the Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime.</p><p>^a Chinese RMB (yuan) minimum monthly salary (per person).</p><p>Demographic characteristics and descriptive statistics for the CD and TD.</p

The significant differences ALFF brain areas between CD and TD groups.

<p>Group ALFF differences are shown at p < 0.001 of multiple comparison correction (cluster size = 162 mm3, T > 3.6 (or T < −3.6)). x, y, z: coordinates in the MNI atlas extending from z = -65 mm to +80 mm. T values are from a t-test of the peak voxel (showing greatest statistical difference within a cluster); a negative T value means greater ALFF in the CD group. Both age and education were regressed from the data as nuisance covariates.</p><p>BA: Brodmann area. L, R: left and right.</p><p>The significant differences ALFF brain areas between CD and TD groups.</p

SAVRY-items and prediction of reoffending.

<p>SAVRY-items and prediction of reoffending.</p