EDS spectra of dentifrice before and after sorption of chromium element.

<p>There is chromium element in the precipitates from both ordinary and HA dentifrice after sorption.</p

Concentration- and time-dependent removal rate of aqueous hexavalent chromium cations by dentifrices.

<p>The aqueous hexavalent chromium cations removal rate of the HA dentifrice group is always higher than that of the ordinary dentifrice group.</p

Plugging rates of dentinal tubules.

<p>The dentinal tubule plugging rate (<i>n</i> = 8) of the HA dentifrice group was significantly higher than that of the ordinary dentifrice group. *: <i>P</i><0.01, compared with the ordinary dentifrice group.</p

Dentinal tubule occlusion after mechanical brushing with distilled water.

<p>(SEM, 5000×) (a, d) Dentinal tubules were empty with no occlusion. (b, e) Almost all dentinal tubules were empty with very few dentinal tubules showing little occluding materials. (c, f) Most of the dentinal tubules showed various levels of sediment blockage.</p

Atomic percentages of calcium and phosphorus in dentine discs.

<p>The lines on top of the bars stand for standard deviation. *: <i>P</i><0.01, the differences of the atomic percentage (<i>n</i> = 8) of Ca or P among groups were statistically significant. Based on mean rank, the order of the atomic percentages of Ca or P is: HA dentifrice group>ordinary dentifrice group>distilled water group.</p

Dentinal tubule occlusion of dentine discs after treatment.

<p>(SEM, 5000×) (a, d) Dentinal tubules were empty without any occluding materials. (b, e) The majority of dentinal tubules were empty and a small number of dentinal tubules showed a sparse existence of occluding materials. The chunky occluding materials locate in the middle of the dentinal tubules with clear boundaries between the precipitate and dentin. (c, f) The majority of the dentinal tubules were blocked by materials. The occluding materials adhered to the dentinal wall with blurred boundaries between part of the precipitate and dentin.</p

(a–c) VX-2 tumors from rabbits immediately after RFA treatment.

<p>After RFA treatment, as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0053158#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a> section, rabbits were killed, tumors were excised, and samples were stained with HE and NADH. (a) HE staining, magnification×40; (b) HE staining, magnification×400; (c) NADH staining, magnification× 40.(d–f) VX-2 tumors from rabbit 2 weeks after RFA treatment. (d) HE staining, magnification×40; (e) HE staining, magnification×400; (f) NADH staining, magnification× 40.(g–i) VX-2 tumors from rabbit 4 weeks after RFA treatment. (g) HE staining, magnification×40; (h) HE staining, magnification×400; (i) NADH staining, magnification×40. (j–l) VX-2 tumors from rabbits 12 weeks after RFA treatment. (j) HE staining, magnification×40; (k) HE staining, magnification×400; (l) NADH staining, magnification×40.</p

DataSheet_1_PD-L1 targeted peptide demonstrates potent antitumor and immunomodulatory activity in cancer immunotherapy.docx

BackgroundIn recent years, immunotherapy has been emerging as a promising alternative therapeutic method for cancer patients, offering potential benefits. The expression of PD-L1 by tumors can inhibit the T-cell response to the tumor and allow the tumor to evade immune surveillance. To address this issue, cancer immunotherapy has shown promise in disrupting the interaction between PD-L1 and its ligand PD-1.MethodsWe used mirror-image phage display technology in our experiment to screen and determine PD-L1 specific affinity peptides (PPL-C). Using CT26 cells, we established a transplanted mouse tumor model to evaluate the inhibitory effects of PPL-C on tumor growth in vivo. We also demonstrated that PPL-C inhibited the differentiation of T regulatory cells (Tregs) and regulated the production of cytokines.ResultsIn vitro, PPL-C has a strong affinity for PD-L1, with a binding rate of 0.75 μM. An activation assay using T cells and mixed lymphocytes demonstrated that PPL-C inhibits the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. PPL-C or an anti-PD-L1 antibody significantly reduced the rate of tumor mass development in mice compared to those given a control peptide (78% versus 77%, respectively). The results of this study demonstrate that PPL-C prevents or retards tumor growth. Further, immunotherapy with PPL-C enhances lymphocyte cytotoxicity and promotes proliferation in CT26-bearing mice.ConclusionPPL-C exhibited antitumor and immunoregulatory properties in the colon cancer. Therefore, PPL-C peptides of low molecular weight could serve as effective cancer immunotherapy.</p