The geographic location of Jiangsu province in the scale of China.

<p>The names of 13 prefecture-level cities were labelled in the map. The red five-pointed star represented Beijing City.</p

Inner and inter population structure construction of Chinese Jiangsu Han population based on Y23 STR system

<div><p>In this study, we analyzed the genetic polymorphisms of 23 Y-STR loci from PowerPlex^® Y23 system in 916 unrelated healthy male individuals from Chinese Jiangsu Han, and observed 912 different haplotypes including 908 unique haplotypes and 4 duplicate haplotypes. The haplotype diversity reached 0.99999 and the discrimination capacity and match probability were 0.9956 and 0.0011, respectively. The gene diversity values ranged from 0.3942 at DYS438 to 0.9607 at DYS385a/b. Population differentiation within 10 Jiangsu Han subpopulations were evaluated by R_ST values and visualized in Neighbor-Joining trees and Multi-Dimensional Scaling plots as well as population relationships between the Jiangsu Han population and other 18 Eastern Asian populations. Such results indicated that the 23 Y-STR loci were highly polymorphic in Jiangsu Han population and played crucial roles in forensic application as well as population genetics. For the first time, we reported the genetic diversity of male lineages in Jiangsu Han population at a high-resolution level of 23 Y-STR set and consequently contributed to familial searching, offender tracking, and anthropology analysis of Jiangsu Han population.</p></div

The pairwise R_ST and p values among various Han populations from 10 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu province excluding Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, and Taizhou Hans.

<p>The pairwise R_ST and p values among various Han populations from 10 prefecture-level cities in Jiangsu province excluding Zhenjiang, Yangzhou, and Taizhou Hans.</p

A Neighbor-Joining (N-J) tree composed of Jiangsu Han population and other 18 Eastern Asian populations, including Beijing Han, Chengdu Han, Shantou Han, Singapore Han, Xuanwei Han, Southern Han, South Korean, Dai, Bai, Kinh, Gunma Japanese, Ibaraki Japanese, Shizuoka Japanese, Tokyo Japanese, Filipino, Luzon Filipino, Singapore Indian, and Singapore Malaysian.

<p>The result of interior branch test to assess the reliability of NJ reconstruction and the ruler were signed in the figure (the sum of branch length = 0.07132081). The language affiliations of these 19 populations were also indicated in different colors (Red: Sino-Tibetan; Green: Altaic; Purple: Indo-European; Blue: Austro-Asiatic).</p

A Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) plot constructed according to the RST genetic distance matrix among Jiangsu Han populations and other 18 populations in East Asia scale.

<p>The initial stress was 0.1067. The language affiliations of these 19 populations were also indicated in different colors (Red: Sino-Tibetan; Green: Altaic; Purple: Indo-European; Blue: Austro-Asiatic).</p

The pairwise R_ST and p values among Jiangsu Han population and other 18 Eastern Asian populations.

<p>The pairwise R_ST and p values among Jiangsu Han population and other 18 Eastern Asian populations.</p

A Neighbor-Joining (N-J) tree composed of all 10 prefecture-level Han populations from Jiangsu province.

<p>The result of interior branch test to assess the reliability of NJ reconstruction and the ruler were signed in the figure (the sum of branch length = 0.01566328).</p