Evaluation of Zr–Alumina in Production of Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers from Methanol and Formaldehyde: Performance Tests and Kinetic Investigations

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE_<i>n</i>) converted from methanol and formaldehyde were investigated with alumina supported ZrO₂ catalyst in a stainless steel tube fixed-bed reactor within the temperature range from 333 to 433 K and the pressure range from 0.1 to 2.5 MPa. First, results from catalytic performance tests showed that the catalyst γ-Al₂O₃ containing 4 mol % ZrO₂ exhibited the highest activity for PODE_<i>n</i> synthesis. The stoichiometry analysis of raw material indicated that ZrO₂ modified catalyst had the optimum activity at methanol/formaldehyde = 3 (mol/mol). An increase of the reaction pressure resulted in a significant increase in methanol conversion from 13.18 to 48.64%, and selectivity to PODE_3–8 was enhanced to 24.82%. The temperature experiment analysis confirmed the optimization of the reaction temperature to be 393 K. Second, SEM and TEM showed the relationship between the catalytic activity and the catalyst-crystal alignment. Incorporation of ZrO₂ in the framework of γ-Al₂O₃ was noticed and confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET analysis. The NH₃-TPD tests indicated the relationship between catalytic activity and acidity. Finally, an elimination mechanism was proposed to explain the PODE_<i>n</i> synthesis reaction rate and kinetic model. The contributions of intraparticle and external diffusion were eliminated by changing the size of catalyst particles and space velocity. The proposed model can reasonably predict the observed behaviors of PODE_<i>n</i> synthesis from methanol and formaldehyde

Cross-validation results of PM_2.5 data for spring 2015.

<p>Cross-validation results of PM_2.5 data for spring 2015.</p

Fitting results of PM_2.5 data for autumn 2015.

<p>Fitting results of PM_2.5 data for autumn 2015.</p

Fitting results of annual PM_2.5 data for 2015.

<p>Fitting results of annual PM_2.5 data for 2015.</p

Summary of R² and error measure for fitting and cross-validation result.

<p>Summary of R² and error measure for fitting and cross-validation result.</p

Fitting results of PM_2.5 data for winter 2015.

<p>Fitting results of PM_2.5 data for winter 2015.</p

The coefficients estimated in the regression models.

<p>The coefficients estimated in the regression models.</p

Cross-validation results of PM_2.5 data for summer 2015.

<p>Cross-validation results of PM_2.5 data for summer 2015.</p

Fitting results of PM_2.5 data for spring 2015.

<p>Fitting results of PM_2.5 data for spring 2015.</p

Cross-validation results of PM_2.5 data for autumn 2015.

<p>Cross-validation results of PM_2.5 data for autumn 2015.</p