Markers associated with known stem rust resistance genes and newly detected loci, and mean rust ratings of accessions carrying these marker alleles after inoculation with seven stem rust races at the seedling stage and bulked U.S. races at the adult stage.

a<p>Means for seedling IT were calculated from the transformed 0 to 9 scale.</p><p>Only significant markers are shown (<i>P</i><0.001).</p>b<p>Postulated gene based on diagnostic marker or chromosome location.</p>c<p>Not all negative alleles associated with susceptibility are listed.</p>d<p>QFCSC (virulence/avirulence formula 5, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, 21, McN/6, 7b, 9b, 9e, 11, 24, 30, 31, 36, 38, Tmp, <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>), QTHJC (5, 6, 8a, 9b, 9d, 9g, 10, 11, 17, 21, McN/7b, 9a, 9e, 24, 30, 31, 36, 38, Tmp, <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>), RCRSC (5, 7b, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, 21, 36, McN/6, 8a, 9e, 11, 24, 30, 31, 38, Tmp, <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>), RKQQC (5, 6, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9g, 21, 36, McN/9e, 10, 11, 17, 24, 30, 31, 38, Tmp, <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>), TPMKC (5, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9e, 9g, 10, 11, 17, 21, 36, Tmp, McN/6, 9a, 9b, 24, 30, 31, 38, <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>), TTTTF (5, 6, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9g, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30, 36, 38, Tmp, McN/24, 31, <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>), and TTKSK (5, 6, 7b, 8a, 9a, 9b, 9d, 9e, 9g, 10, 11, 17, 21, 30, 31, 38, McN/24, 36, Tmp, <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>).</p

List of markers associated with rust resistance genes, assigned chromosome, and number of alleles detected for each marker across 137 U.S. wheat accessions.

a<p><i>Xscm9</i> acts as a rye-specific SSR marker with two fragments amplified, 225 bp and 241 bp.</p><p>A fragment of 225 bp (forward primer tailed) indicates the T1RS•1BL chromosome, and resistance gene <i>Sr31</i> and 241 bp indicates the T1RS•1AL chromosome and gene <i>Sr1RS^Amigo</i>.</p

Association Analysis of Stem Rust Resistance in U.S. Winter Wheat - Figure 1

<p>Physical bin map, linkage map, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) among 11 markers associated with resistance to race TTKSK on chromosome 2B. The upper diagonal indicates the LD level between markers reflected by <i>R²</i>, and the bottom diagonal indicates the statistical significance of LD between markers as reflected by <i>P</i>-values.</p

Phenotypes and haplotypes of accessions that carry positive alleles on chromosome 2B associated with resistance to TTKSK at the seedling stage.

1<p>“+” denotes extra resistance that could not be attributed to postulated genes in the lines for at least one of seven races; “#”denotes putative nonfunctional alleles where phenotypes did not confirm gene postulations based on diagnostic markers; and “$” denotes that the functional allele appeared to be heterogeneous.</p><p>“S” denotes susceptible infection type (IT) 3 or 4; “/” denotes heterogeneous, the predominant type given first; “LIF” denotes low infection frequency with fewer pustules.</p

Thermal Lithiated-TiO₂: A Robust and Electron-Conducting Protection Layer for Li–Si Alloy Anode

Developing new electrode materials with high capacity and stability is an urgent demand in electric vehicle applications. Li_<i>x</i>Si alloy, as a promising high-capacity and Li-containing anode candidate, has attracted much attention. However, the alloy anode suffers severely from intrinsic high chemical reactivity and poor cycling stability in battery fabrication and operation. Here, we have developed a facile coating-then-lithiation approach to prepare lithiated-TiO₂ protected Li_<i>x</i>Si nanoparticles (Li_<i>x</i>Si–Li₂O/Ti_<i>y</i>O_<i>z</i> NPs) as an attractive anode material. The robust lithiated-TiO₂ protection matrix not only provides fast electron transport pathways to efficiently improve the electrical conductivity between Li_<i>x</i>Si/Si NPs, but also spatially limits the direct solid electrolyte interphase formation on Li_<i>x</i>Si/Si cores during cycling. More importantly, this dense coating layer protects most inner Li_<i>x</i>Si alloys from ambient corrosion, leading to high dry-air stability. As a result, the resulting Li_<i>x</i>Si–Li₂O/Ti_<i>y</i>O_<i>z</i> anode achieves greatly enhanced cycling and chemical stability in half-cells. It maintains capacity of about 1300 mAh g^–1 after prolonged 500 cycles at a high current rate of C/2, with 77% capacity retention. In addition, it exhibits excellent dry-air stability, with around 87% capacity retained after exposure to dry air (10% relative humidity) for 30 days

DataSheet2_Cyclohexane removal and UV post-control of bioaerosols in a combination of UV pretreatment and biotrickling filtration.DOCX

Biofiltration of hydrophobic and recalcitrant volatile organic compounds faces challenges, and the bioaerosols sourced from the biofiltration might cause secondary pollution. In this study, the combination of ultraviolet photodegradation and biotrickling filtration (UV-BTF) was designed to treat gaseous cyclohexane, and UV post-treatment (post-UV) was further utilized for the bioaerosol emissions management. Results showed that the combined UV-BTF permitted faster biofilm formation and had better removal efficiencies (REs) than the single biotrickling filter (BTF). The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of UV-BTF and single BTF was 4.4 and 1.32 g m−3 h−1, respectively. Carbon balance for the bioreactor showed that both BTF and UV-BTF could convert more than 50% of the initial cyclohexane into microbial biomass. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that UV-BTF had a richer and more diverse microbial community compared with the single one. The post-UV had a good inactivation effect on the bioaerosols. Not solely the concentrations additionally the particle sizes of the bioaerosols from the post-UV became lower and smaller than those from the single BTF. Microbial analysis showed that UV had a greater impact on the species and quantity of both bacteria and fungi, but mainly on the number of bacteria. Such results suggested that UV could be used as the pretreatment for the enhancement of hydrophobic and recalcitrant VOCs removal in the subsequent biopurification, and also as the post-treatment for the inactivation of some harmful bioaerosols.</p

Sulfite as a Green Co-milling Agent for Mechanochemical Destruction of Polychlorinated Aromatics: Working Mechanism and Structural Dependence

Mechanochemical destruction of obsolete halogenated persistent organic chemicals (especially polychlorinated aromatics) has been documented as a safe non-combustion technology, but the smooth implementation of such a system still calls for an appropriate and sustainable co-milling agent. As an example, we show that Na2SO3 as a co-milling agent not only achieves faster degradation rate for hexachlorobenzene (HCB) than calcium oxide (1.4-fold) and reduced iron powders (2.9-fold) with equal mass but also enables high dechlorination ratio (97.4%) after 4 h of milling in a planetary mill. With the input of mechanical energy, the mechanistic study suggests that sulfite salts suffer partial melt to generate SO32– species on fresh surfaces, which attack HCB molecules via the one-electron-transfer mechanism. Detection on intermediates and characterization on milled samples demonstrate that HCB undergoes dechlorination, polymerization, and hydrogenation and finally converts to amorphous and graphitic carbons. Correlation analysis indicates that the degradation reactivity of a specific polychlorinated aromatic compound in such a system is strongly dependent on its molecular structure (e.g., substituent groups and degree of chlorination). This work provides a new insight for utilizing sulfite for green disposal of halogenated wastes

DataSheet1_Cyclohexane removal and UV post-control of bioaerosols in a combination of UV pretreatment and biotrickling filtration.ZIP

Biofiltration of hydrophobic and recalcitrant volatile organic compounds faces challenges, and the bioaerosols sourced from the biofiltration might cause secondary pollution. In this study, the combination of ultraviolet photodegradation and biotrickling filtration (UV-BTF) was designed to treat gaseous cyclohexane, and UV post-treatment (post-UV) was further utilized for the bioaerosol emissions management. Results showed that the combined UV-BTF permitted faster biofilm formation and had better removal efficiencies (REs) than the single biotrickling filter (BTF). The maximum elimination capacity (EC) of UV-BTF and single BTF was 4.4 and 1.32 g m−3 h−1, respectively. Carbon balance for the bioreactor showed that both BTF and UV-BTF could convert more than 50% of the initial cyclohexane into microbial biomass. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that UV-BTF had a richer and more diverse microbial community compared with the single one. The post-UV had a good inactivation effect on the bioaerosols. Not solely the concentrations additionally the particle sizes of the bioaerosols from the post-UV became lower and smaller than those from the single BTF. Microbial analysis showed that UV had a greater impact on the species and quantity of both bacteria and fungi, but mainly on the number of bacteria. Such results suggested that UV could be used as the pretreatment for the enhancement of hydrophobic and recalcitrant VOCs removal in the subsequent biopurification, and also as the post-treatment for the inactivation of some harmful bioaerosols.</p

Laws that are made to be broken

Criminal laws are created to achieve various ends. These include (i) reducing the incidence of wrongdoing, and (ii) holding wrongdoers responsible for their wrongs. Some criminal laws are created to further the first of these ends by means of compliance. The second end is to be furthered only if, regrettably, some fail to comply. These criminal laws are made to be followed. Other criminal laws are not created with compliance in mind. Conviction, in these cases, is no regrettable fallback. It is the primary means by which the law is to contribute to ends (i) and (ii). Laws of this second kind are made to be broken. My concern in this paper is with the creation of such laws. Section I sharpens the contrast drawn above, and considers some arguments for enacting laws that are made to be broken. The following sections develop an argument against. Section II introduces what I call the ‘identification principle.’ It argues that the principle is an implication of the ideal of the rule of law, and that it binds state officials who make, apply, and enforce criminal laws. Section III argues that, when laws are made to be broken, the identification principle is violated. Section IV concludes

Additional file 1: of Genome-wide association analysis on pre-harvest sprouting resistance and grain color in U.S. winter wheat

Table S1. Pedigree, sources, origins and preharvest sprouting phenotypic data of 185 accessions in the genome-wide association study panel. (XLSX 121 kb