Influence of Phosphorus Slag on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortars

Influences of phosphorus slag from 10% to 50% (by mass) on the setting time and the water requirement of the normal consistency of cement pastes, flowability, resistance to carbonation, and the compressive strength of cement mortars were investigated. The physical activation by improving fineness and the chemical activation by adding the chemical activator were evaluated by the compressive strength of cement mortars with 30% by mass of phosphorus slag. Hydration heat, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy were used to study the microstructure of cement pastes and mortars with 30% by mass of phosphorus slag and the chemical activator. Results showed that the setting time of cement pastes was delayed by phosphorus slag from 10% to 50%. Phosphorus slag had nearly no effects on the water requirement of the normal consistency of cement pastes and the flowability of cement mortars. The resistance to carbonation of cement mortars was decreased by phosphorus slag from 10% to 50% according to the acceleration carbonation. The compressive strength of cement mortars was also decreased by phosphorus slag from 10% to 50% and the low activity of phosphorus slag was concluded based on compressive strength of cement mortars. The effect of the chemical activator on the compressive strength of cement mortars with 30% by mass of phosphorus slag was better than improving fineness of phosphorus slag from 300 m2/kg to 450 m2/kg. Both hydration heat and cement hydrates were inhibited by phosphorus slag and could be partly compensated by the chemical activator. Loose morphology and propagations of microcracks were found in cement pastes and mortars with 30% by mass of phosphorus slag

Assessment of the immunogenicity of residual host cell protein impurities of OsrHSA

<div><p>Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most abundant protein in human plasma and is widely used at high doses for treating various diseases. Recombinant HSA is an alternative approach to plasma-derived HSA, providing increased safety and an unlimited supply. However, the safety of the residual host cell proteins (HCPs) co-purified with <i>Oryza sativa</i> HSA (OsrHSA) remains to be determined. An animal system was used to assess the immunogenicity of OsrHSA and its residual HCPs. Low immunogenicity and immunotoxicity of the residual HCPs at a dose of 25 μg/kg, equivalent to 25 times the clinical dosage of HSA, were observed. An anti-drug-antibody (ADA) analysis revealed that anti-HSA, anti-OsrHSA or anti-HCP antibodies developed with a low frequency in pHSA and OsrHSA treatments, but the titers were as low as 1.0–2.0. Furthermore, the titer and the incidence of the specific antibodies were not significantly different between the pHSA and OsrHSA groups, indicating that OsrHSA presents similar immunogenicity to that of pHSA. More importantly, no cytokines were stimulated after the administration of OsrHSA and the residual HCPs, suggesting that there was no risk of a cytokine storm. These results demonstrated that the residual HCPs from OsrHSA have low immunogenicity, indicating that the rice endosperm is one of the best hosts for plant molecular pharming.</p></div

The incidence of pathological changes in target organs in different treatments at D15 and D42.

<p>The incidence of pathological changes in target organs in different treatments at D15 and D42.</p

The changes in T-lymphocyte subsets at D15 and D42.

<p>Panel A shows CD4+ T cells, panel B shows CD8+ T cells, and panel C shows the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells. The data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5). "*" Indicates a statistically significant difference according to ANOVA and Dunnett’s test (<i>P</i>≤0.05).</p

The titers and incidence of antibodies against OsrHSA, pHSA and HCP.

<p>The titers and incidence of antibodies against OsrHSA, pHSA and HCP.</p

The changes in CRP, CIC and C3 levels at D15 and D42.

<p>Panel A is CRP, panel B is CIC, and panel C is C3. Data are presented as the mean ± SD (n = 5); "*" Indicates a statistically significant difference according to ANOVA and Dunnett’s test (<i>P</i>≤0.05).</p