Phylogenetic tree based on the 18S rRNA sequence of strain ZS-02 and related strains.

<p>Numbers in parentheses represent the sequences accession number in GenBank. Numbers at the nodes indicate bootstrap values from the neighborhood-joining analysis of 1,000 resampled data sets. Bar represents sequence divergence.</p

Kinetic parameters of degradation of bifenthrin in soils by strain ZS-02.

<p>Each figure in the table represents the mean of three replicates. All figures were significantly different at <i>p</i><0.05. nSS: non-sterilized soil with indigenous soil microbes; SS: sterilized soil without inoculum; +: introduced with; <i>C_t</i>: residual concentration of bifenthrin (mg·kg⁻¹); <i>t</i>: degradation period (days). <i>R</i>²: correlation coefficient.</p

Biodegradation of bifenthrin with different initial concentrations.

<p>(a) Degradation kinetics of bifenthrin at different initial concentrations by strain ZS-02. •, 100 mg·L⁻¹; □, 200 mg·L⁻¹; ▴, 300 mg·L⁻¹; □, 400 mg·L⁻¹; ▪, 500 mg·L⁻¹; □, 600 mg·L⁻¹. Values are the means of three replicates with standard deviation. (b) Relationship between specific degradation rate and initial bifenthrin concentration by strain ZS-02.</p

Degradation kinetics of bifenthrin in different contaminated soils by strain ZS-02.

<p>□, non-inoculated control (sterilized soil); ○, non-inoculated control with indigenous microbial community (non-sterilized soil); ▴, sterilized soil introduced with strain ZS-02; •, non-sterilized soil introduced with strain ZS-02. Values are the means of three replicates with standard deviation.</p

Cell growth of strain ZS-02 and degradation kinetics of bifenthrin during biodegradation studies.

<p>○, degradation kinetics in MSM supplemented with bifenthrin as the sole carbon source; □, degradation kinetics in MSM supplemented with 1% glucose as an additional source of carbon; □, non-inoculated control (degradation); •, cell growth in MSM supplemented with bifenthrin as the sole carbon source; ▴, cell growth in MSM supplemented with 1% glucose as an additional source of carbon; ▪; non-inoculated control (growth). Values are the means of three replicates with standard deviation.</p

Degradation of various pyrethroids by strain ZS-02 by day 5.

<p>Values are the means of three replicates with standard deviation. Different letters indicate significant differences (<i>P</i><0.05, LSD test).</p

Proposed pathway for the degradation of bifenthrin by strain ZS-02.

<p>Proposed pathway for the degradation of bifenthrin by strain ZS-02.</p

Box-Behnken experimental design and the response of dependent variable for bifenthrin degradation.

<p><i>X</i>₁: temperature, −1 (20°C), 0 (30°C), +1 (40°C); <i>X</i>₂: pH, −1 (5), 0 (7), +1 (9); <i>X</i>₃: inoculum, −1 (OD₆₀₀ = 0.1), 0 (OD₆₀₀ = 0.3), +1 (OD₆₀₀ = 0.5). The data presented are means of three replicates with standard deviation, which is within 5% of the mean. Different letters indicate significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05, LSD test).</p

Response surface plot showing the effects of temperature and pH on bifenthrin degradation by strain ZS-02 with inoculum at OD₆₀₀ = 0.3.

<p>Response surface plot showing the effects of temperature and pH on bifenthrin degradation by strain ZS-02 with inoculum at OD₆₀₀ = 0.3.</p

Morphological and physio-biochemical characteristics of <i>Candida pelliculosa</i> strain ZS-02.

<p>+, tested positive/utilized as substrate; −, tested negative/not utilized as substrate.</p