Visual focus of attention estimation using eye center localization

Estimating people visual focus of attention (VFOA) plays a crucial role in various practical systems such as human-robot interaction. It is challenging to extract the cue of the VFOA of a person due to the difficulty of recognizing gaze directionality. In this paper, we propose an improved integrodifferential approach to represent gaze via efficiently and accurately localizing the eye center in lower resolution image. The proposed method takes advantage of the drastic intensity changes between the iris and the sclera and the grayscale of the eye center as well. The number of kernels is optimized to convolute the original eye region image, and the eye center is located via searching the maximum ratio derivative of the neighbor curve magnitudes in the convolution image. Experimental results confirm that the algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in terms of computational cost, accuracy, and robustness to illumination changes

Differential expression levels of intracellular metabolites in the engineered strains compared to the WT strain.

<p>Differential expression levels of intracellular metabolites in the engineered strains compared to the WT strain.</p

Western for Aoxp2 and Crot.

<p>A. Expression of Aoxp2 in WT [<i>pox2+</i>], Δ<i>pox1</i> [<i>pox2+</i>] and Δ<i>pox1</i> [<i>pox2+, crot+</i>]. B. Expression of Crot in Δ<i>pox1</i> [<i>pox2+, crot+</i>].</p

Growth tests on the engineered strains and the WT strain in YNBO medium.

<p>WT and Δ<i>pox1</i> transformed with the empty vector pvtu260, WT transformed with pvtu260-pox2, Δ<i>pox1</i> transformed with pvtu260-pox2 and pvtu260-pox2-crot were all cultured overnight in liquid YNBD medium at 30°C. Yeast pellets were collected and resuspended at a cell density of 5×10³ cells/µl after being washed twice in sterile distilled H₂O. To test growth, 5 µl were spotted on YNBO-agar plates. The first drop contained 2.5×10⁴ cells, and each subsequent drop was diluted six fold more than the previous one.</p

Additional file 4: Table S1. of Preferential Geographic Distribution Pattern of Abiotic Stress Tolerant Rice

List of abiotic stress tolerant rice accessions. (XLS 110 kb

Growth curves of the engineered strains and the WT strain.

<p>A. Growth curves of the engineered strains and the WT strain in YNBD, B. Growth curves of the engineered strains and the WT strain in YNBD_0.5O₃. The results are the mean values of three independent experiments.</p

Genetic modification of the β-oxidation pathway in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>.

<p>The dashed line represents the original pathway; the solid line represents the modified pathway. The only acyl-CoA oxidase (encoded by the gene <i>POX1</i>) in the <i>S. cerevisiae</i> genome was deleted, and the <i>POX2</i> gene from <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i>, which encodes acyl-CoA oxidase with a preference for long chain acyl-CoAs, was expressed. To unblock the β-oxidation pathway, peroxisomal carnitine octanoyltransferase (<i>CROT</i>) from <i>Mus musculus</i> was also expressed to transport medium chain fatty acyl-CoAs out of peroxisomes.</p

Fatty acid composition changes in cell extract comparing the WT and the engineered strains in YNBD_0.5O₃ medium^b.

<p>^b The fold change data for the engineered strains were analyzed compared to the WT (wild-type) strain. The amount of fatty acids in the WT strain was set as 1. The values are the means from three experiments examining cell extracts at 24 h. The standard deviations were <5% of the values.</p

MCFAs analysis of the cell extracts.

<p>A. MCFAs content in the cell extracts from the engineered strains and the WT strain after 24_0.5O₃ medium. B. Composition of MCFAs from the total fatty acids in the cell extracts from the engineered strains and the WT strain at 24 h when cultured in YNBD_0.5O₃ medium. Cells were collected after 24 h of growth in YNBD_0.5O₃ medium, and the cell pellet was separated by centrifugation. The total fatty acids were extracted and detected. There was C12:0 but not C8:0 and C10:0 in the cell extract, so the MCFAs were only C12:0 in this case.</p

The representative GC-MS spectra for azelaic acid derived from total ion chromatograms.

<p>Intracellular metabolites were extracted from the engineered strains and the WT strain, and metabolic profiling was conducted. WT (black), Δ<i>pox1</i> (blue), Δ<i>pox1</i> [<i>pox2+</i>] (red), and Δ<i>pox1</i>[<i>pox2+, crot+</i>] (green).</p