A new amynodontid from the Eocene of South China and phylogeny of Amynodontidae (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotoidea)

<p><i>Cadurcodon maomingensis</i> sp. nov. is described based on a partial skull and associated vertebrae from the middle–upper Eocene Youganwo Formation in the Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, China. The taxonomy of <i>Cadurcodon</i> Kretzoi, 1942 ( = <i>Sianodon</i> Xu, 1965, syn. nov.; = <i>Paracadurcodon</i> Xu, 1966, syn. nov.) is revised, and a new diagnosis of the genus is provided. It includes six species: <i>C. ardynensis</i> (Osborn, 1923), <i>C. kazakademius</i> Biryukov, 1961, <i>C. bahoensis</i> (Xu, 1965) comb. nov., <i>C. suhaituensis</i> (Xu, 1966) comb. nov., <i>C. houldjinensis</i> B.-Y. Wang, Qiu, Zhang, Wu, & Ning, 2009 and <i>C. maomingensis</i> sp. nov. A new phylogenetic hypothesis of Amynodontidae is based on the cladistic analysis of the distribution of 48 characters in 16 amynodontid taxa. The family is divided into two sister taxa, Metamynodontini (<i>Paramynodon</i>, <i>Megalamynodon</i> and <i>Metamynodon</i>) and Cadurcodontini (<i>Procadurcodon</i>, <i>Zaisanamynodon</i>, <i>Cadurcodon</i> and <i>Cadurcotherium</i>). The remaining amynodontid genera are considered <i>incertae sedis</i>. The evolution of amynodontids was confined mainly to Central and East Asia, with four dispersal events to North America (<i>Amynodon</i>, <i>Amynodontopsis</i>, Metamynodontini and <i>Procadurcodon</i>), and one to Europe and South Asia (<i>Cadurcotherium</i>). The holotype of <i>C. maomingensis</i> sp. nov. is an adult male with body mass estimated as 1.4 tons. Amynodontids show considerable increase in size during evolution, with the largest species weighing over two tons (<i>C. kazakademius</i>, <i>Zaisanamynodon borisovi</i> and <i>Procadurcodon orientalis</i>).</p> <p><a href="http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:" target="_blank">http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:</a>FD6EEE3E-AE06-4DA2-AFFD-39362724C1C2</p

Anthracotheriid artiodactyl <i>Anthracokeryx</i> and an upper Eocene age for the Youganwo Formation of southern China

<p>The two recently collected mammalian dentary fragments from the Eocene Youganwo Formation of Guangdong Province, southern China, are referred to the anthracotheriid species <i>Anthracokeryx naduongensis</i> based on phylogenetic analysis and size comparison. One of these specimens (SYSU-M-1) is the first mammal fossil described from the Youganwo Formation. It was attributed previously to the perissodactyl genus <i>Lunania</i>. <i>Anthracokeryx naduongensis</i> was described originally from the lower upper Eocene Na Duong Formation in Northern Vietnam. The second record of this species supports a basal upper Eocene correlation for the Youganwo Formation, which was estimated previously as middle or late Eocene.</p

Haplotype and genotype distributions in patient and control cohorts.

<p>Ref: used as reference values. OR^C: Crude Odds Ratio; OR^a: Odds Ratio adjusted by logic regression based on age, gender, smoking, and drinking status; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Haplotype and genotype distributions in patient and control cohorts.</p

Distribution of SNPs in patient and control cohorts.

<p>Ref: used as reference values. OR^C: Crude Odds Ratio; OR^a: Odds Ratio adjusted by logic regression based on age, gender, smoking, and drinking status; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Distribution of SNPs in patient and control cohorts.</p

The first discovery of an alligatorid (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea, Alligatoridae) in the Eocene of China

<div><p>SUPPLEMENTAL DATA—Supplemental materials are available for this article for free at <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/UJVP" target="_blank">www.tandfonline.com/UJVP</a></p> </div

Multivariate prognostic analyses for the effect of risk factor interaction on laryngeal cancer risk.

<p>The mutant genotype (CG/GG) was used as a control to calculate the interactive effect of rs1056836 and smoke/drink.</p><p>Multivariate prognostic analyses for the effect of risk factor interaction on laryngeal cancer risk.</p

Effect of gene-environment interaction on laryngeal cancer risk.

<p>Ref: used as reference values. OR^C: Crude Odds Ratio; OR^a: Odds Ratio adjusted by logic regression based on age, gender, smoking, and drinking status; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval.</p><p>Effect of gene-environment interaction on laryngeal cancer risk.</p

PCR primer sequences for SNP amplification and extension.

<p>F  =  Forward; R  =  Reverse; E  =  Extension.</p><p>PCR primer sequences for SNP amplification and extension.</p

Fossil fruits of <i>Canarium</i> (Burseraceae) from Eastern Asia and their implications for phytogeographical history

<p>The genus <i>Canarium</i> contains approximately 78 species distributed in the Old World tropics and subtropics. <i>Canarium</i> is characterized by a distinctive drupaceous fruit with a trilocular endocarp derived from three fused pyrenes. Here, we describe new <i>Canarium</i> fossil fruits from the late Oligocene of the Yongning Formation, the Miocene of the Erzitang Formation, and the late Miocene of the Foluo Formation in Guangxi Province, South China, providing the first confirmed fossil occurrences of <i>Canarium</i> in eastern Asia. The fruits of <i>Canarium guangxiensis</i> Han & Manchester sp. nov. are ovoidal to spindle shaped, 22.8–34.3 mm long, and 10.7–14.6 mm wide. Computed tomography (CT) scan was used to study the morphological and anatomical characters of fossil and modern <i>Canarium</i>, facilitating identification of the fossil fruits. This new occurrence supplements other megafossil records of <i>Canarium</i> fruits from the Eocene in North America, the Eocene to Oligocene in Europe, the Oligocene in Africa, the Oligocene to Miocene in Asia and from the Pleistocene in Australia and the Pacific islands. The fossil record indicates a wide dispersal of <i>Canarium</i> over the Northern Hemisphere during the Eocene and Oligocene, followed by a geographical contraction during the Miocene as the result of its extinction from North America and Europe. The origin and migratory routes of this genus are not clearly resolved, but based on the fossils known so far, we hypothesize that <i>Canarium</i> may have had a North American Eocene origin, with subsequent spread to Eurasia and Africa, followed by dispersal to the Southern Hemisphere.</p

Genetic structure analysis using HICKORY ver. 1.1 [62].

<p>Default values for computations were used as follows: Burn-in 5000; sample 100 000; thin 20.</p><p>Genetic structure analysis using HICKORY ver. 1.1 <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107769#pone.0107769-Holsinger1" target="_blank">[62]</a>.</p