mixed attention auto encoder for multi-class industrial anomaly detection

Most existing methods for unsupervised industrial anomaly detection train a separate model for each object category. This kind of approach can easily capture the category-specific feature distributions, but results in high storage cost and low training efficiency. In this paper, we propose a unified mixed-attention auto encoder (MAAE) to implement multi-class anomaly detection with a single model. To alleviate the performance degradation due to the diverse distribution patterns of different categories, we employ spatial attentions and channel attentions to effectively capture the global category information and model the feature distributions of multiple classes. Furthermore, to simulate the realistic noises on features and preserve the surface semantics of objects from different categories which are essential for detecting the subtle anomalies, we propose an adaptive noise generator and a multi-scale fusion module for the pre-trained features. MAAE delivers remarkable performances on the benchmark dataset compared with the state-of-the-art methods.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

MtLAX2, a functional homologue of the Arabidopsis auxin influx transporter AUX1, is required for nodule organogenesis

Most legume plants can form nodules, specialized lateral organs that form on roots, and house nitrogen-fixing bacteria collectively called rhizobia. The uptake of the phytohormone auxin into cells is known to be crucial for development of lateral roots. To test the role of auxin influx in nodulation we used the auxin influx inhibitors 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (1-NOA) and 2-NOA, which we found reduced nodulation of Medicago truncatula. This suggested the possible involvement of the AUX/LAX family of auxin influx transporters in nodulation. Gene expression studies identified MtLAX2, a paralogue of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) AUX1, as being induced at early stages of nodule development. MtLAX2 is expressed in nodule primordia, the vasculature of developing nodules, and at the apex of mature nodules. The MtLAX2 promoter contains several auxin response elements, and treatment with indole-acetic acid strongly induces MtLAX2 expression in roots. mtlax2 mutants displayed root phenotypes similar to Arabidopsis aux1 mutants, including altered root gravitropism, fewer lateral roots, shorter root hairs, and auxin resistance. In addition, the activity of the synthetic DR5-GUS auxin reporter was strongly reduced in mtlax2 roots. Following inoculation with rhizobia, mtlax2 roots developed fewer nodules, had decreased DR5-GUS activity associated with infection sites, and had decreased expression of the early auxin responsive gene ARF16a. Our data indicate that MtLAX2 is a functional analog of Arabidopsis AUX1 and is required for the accumulation of auxin during nodule formation in tissues underlying sites of rhizobial infection

Soil nitrogen and carbon storages and carbon pool management index under sustainable conservation tillage strategy

Agricultural practices are significant to increase the soil nitrogen and organic carbon sequestration to adapt and mitigate the climate change in a recent climate change scenario. With this background, we carried out research in the Longzhong Loess Plateau region of China. This research was conducted under a randomized complete block design, with three replicates. Adopt the method of combining outdoor positioning field test with indoor index measurement to explore the soil bulk density (BD), nitrogen components (viz., nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and nitrogen storage (NS), and carbon components [viz., soil organic carbon (SOC), easily oxidized organic carbon (EOC), microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and carbon storage (CS), carbon pool index (CPI), carbon pool activity (A) and carbon pool activity index (AI) and carbon pool management index (CPMI)] and C/N, ratio under different tillage practices [namely., conventional tillage (CT), no tillage (NT), straw mulch with conventional tillage (CTS) and straw mulch with no tillage (NTS)]. Our results depicted that different conservation tillage systems significantly increased soil BD over conventional tillage. Compared with CT, the NTS, CTS and NT reduced soil NO3−-N, increased the soil NH4+-N, TN, MBN and NS, among them, NS under NTS, CTS and NT treatment was 25.0, 14.8 and 13.1% higher than that under CT treatment, respectively. Additionally, conservation tillage significantly increased SOC, EOC, MBC, CS, CPI, AI, CPMI and C/N, ratio than CT. Inside, CS under NTS, CTS and NT treatment was 19.4, 12.1 and 13.4% higher than that under CT treatment, respectively. Moreover, during the 3-year study period, the CPMI under NTS treatment was the largest (139.26, 140.97, and 166.17). Consequently, we suggest that NTS treatment was more sustainable strategy over other investigated conservation tillage practices and should be recommended as climate mitigation technique under climate change context

Effects of extreme rainfall frequency on soil organic carbon fractions and carbon pool in a wet meadow on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The frequent occurrence of extreme rainfall events may greatly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and carbon (C) pool of wet meadow in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). However, it remains unclear how SOC fractions will change under different extreme rainfall frequency. Therefore, we set five extreme rainfall frequency treatments in the QTP wet meadow: CK (control plots), DF1 (once a week), DF2 (once every-two weeks), DF3 (once every-three weeks), DF4 (once every-four weeks), all treatments received ambient rainfall. We found that soil particulate organic carbon (POC) content increased with the increasing of extreme rainfall frequency in 0–40 cm layer. Extreme rainfall frequency significantly decreased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in 0–10 cm layer. DF2, DF3 and DF4 significantly decreased the soil easily oxidizable carbon (EOC) content, DF2 significantly increased and DF4 significantly decreased SOC content in 0–10 cm layer. Soil organic carbon storage (SOCS) decreased with the increase of extreme rainfall frequency, the lowest value in DF1 treatment (85.61 mg·hm−2) and the highest value in DF4 treatment (139.92 mg·hm−2). The EOC/SOC and DOC/SOC values at 20–40 cm were greater than those at 0–10 cm under each treatment, and the proportion of SOC fractions in the surface layer (0–10 cm) was more sensitive to the extreme rainfall frequency, while in the deep soil layer (10–20, 20–40 cm) was relatively stable. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil bulk density (BD) (Explanation = 31.8 %), total phosphorus (TP) (Explanation = 12.8 %), NH4+-N (Explanation = 8.8 %) were important environmental factors affecting the SOC fractions content under extreme rainfall frequency. Our study suggests that the increase of extreme rainfall frequency in the future will lead to significant differences in the content of SOC fractions and will reduce the SOCS by affecting soil physicochemical properties, and this may have a serious impact on the C sequestration function and C pool stability of QTP wet meadow soil

Evaluation of Dietary Quality Based on Intelligent Ordering System and Chinese Healthy Eating Index in College Students from a Medical School in Shanghai, China

We intended to precisely evaluate the dietary quality of male and female medical college students using canteen data from the “Intelligent Ordering System” (IOS), combined with the supplemental food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) and the Chinese Healthy Eating Index (CHEI) in Shanghai, China, to explore the potential factors influencing dietary quality. A total of 283 college students with the average age of 24.67 ± 3.21 years and Body Mass Index of 21.46 ± 3.49 kg/m2 in the medical school were enrolled in this study, and an online questionnaire investigation was conducted to collect the general information, lifestyle behavior, and SFFQ. The dietary data of the study participants from the school canteen were exported from the IOS of the Information Office of Fudan University. The CHEI consists of 17 components and the total score is 100, with a maximum score of each component of 5 or 10. We calculated each component score of the CHEI and aggregated the total score for male and female study participants. The Chi-square test and Wilcoxon rank sum test were employed in comparing the differences between the demographic characteristics and CHEI component scores of males and females. Univariate and multiple linear regression models were employed to examine the potential influencing factors of the total CHEI score. The CHEI median score was 66.65, and the component score for total grains was relatively low. Added sugars was the most overconsumed CHEI component. There were relatively serious deficiencies, based on the CHEI component scores, in fruits, soybeans, fish and seafood, and seeds and nuts in both sexes. Females had significantly higher CHEI scores than males (68.38 versus 64.31). The scores for tubers, total vegetables, dark vegetables, fruits, fish and seafood, dairy, and red meats were significantly higher in females than in males. Influencing factors including sex, education, dietary health literacy, and amount of time spent sedentarily were significantly associated with CHEI score. Our research revealed that the overall dietary quality needs to be further improved for college students at the medical school in Shanghai, China, with low intakes of total grains, fruits, soybeans, fish and seafood, and seeds and nuts, and high intakes of added sugars. Compared with males, females showed higher diet quality and conformed more strongly with the recommended Dietary Guideline for Chinese. Education, dietary health literacy, and amount of time spent sedentarily should be noted for improving the dietary quality of college students

Antifungal Paper Based on a Polyborneolacrylate Coating

Paper documents and products are very susceptible to microbial contamination and damage. Fungi are mainly responsible for those biodeterioration processes. Traditional microbicidal strategies constitute a serious health risk even when microbes are dead. Ideal methods should not be toxic to humans and should have no adverse effects on paper, but should own a broad spectrum, good chemical stability and low cost. In this work, we utilize an advanced antimicrobial strategy of surface stereochemistry by applying a coating of a shallow layer of polyborneolacrylate (PBA), resulting in the desired antifungal performance. The PBA-coated paper is challenged with the most common air-borne fungi growing on paper, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. Ten percent by weight of the coating concentration or a 19-μm infiltration of PBA is sufficient to keep the paper spotless. The PBA coating also exhibits significant inhibition of spores’ germination. After PBA coating, both physicochemical properties (paper whiteness, pH, mechanical strength) and inking performance display only slight changes, which are acceptable for general utilization. This PBA coating method is nontoxic, rapid and cost-effective, thus demonstrating great potential for applications in paper products

Association between Mobile Phone Addiction Index and Sugar-Sweetened Food Intake in Medical College Students Stratified by Sex from Shanghai, China

This study’s objective was to depict sugar-sweetened food (SSF) consumption in medical college students stratified by sex from Shanghai, China, and to explore the association between the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI) and SSF intake. The data were obtained from 1121 medical college students from the Fudan University, Shanghai, China, who took an online questionnaire investigation in December 2020. Data included demographics, the MPAI, the Nutrition Literacy Assessment Questionnaire (NLAQ), total and food expenditure per month, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), and a food frequency questionnaire (carbonated beverages (CB), other sugar-based beverages (OSBB), sugar/chocolate). We evaluated the association between the MPAI and three types of SSF intake according to multivariate logistic regression analysis stratified by sex. The mean CB, OSBB, and sugar/chocolate intakes were, respectively, 65.66 mL/d, 74.20 mL/d, and 4.96 g/d in men and 30.42 mL/d, 71.48 mL/d, and 4.99 g/d in women. The MPAI was positively associated with SSF intake, regardless of sex. In men, the CB and OSBB odds ratios (ORs) were, respectively, 1.023 (95% CI: 1.004–1.042), 1.019 (95% CI: 1.001–1.038); and in women, the CB, OSBB, and sugar/chocolate ORs were, respectively, 1.026 (95% CI: 1.013–1.039), 1.020 (95% CI: 1.007–1.033), and 1.019 (95% CI: 1.006–1.032). Age, NLAQ, total expenditure, food expenditure, and total physical activity also were related to SSF intake. Age and the application capacity of the NLAQ were negatively associated with SSF intake, whereas comprehension capacity of the NLAQ, total and food expenditure, and total physical activity were positively associated with SSF intake. This study confirmed that SSF intake is widespread among medical college students from Shanghai, China, even if they have relatively high nutrition health literacy. From a public health perspective, it is necessary to reduce SSF intake in medical college students by decreasing the MPAI, controlling the total and food expenditure per month in high-consumption areas, and improving the application ability of the NLAQ. Further studies are needed to explore the MPAI and other potential factors that may influence SSF intake of college students by expanding the sample size of college students throughout China, and the causal association between them

Effects of different vegetation types on ecosystem respiration in semiarid Loess Hilly Region, Central Gansu Province, China

The principal channel of carbon export from ecosystems to the atmosphere, and an important connection in carbon exchange between land and atmosphere, is ecosystem respiration (ER). It has a significant impact on the global carbon cycle and the rate of CO2 increase in the atmosphere. The effects of different vegetation types [Medicago sativa grassland (MS); Xanthoceras sorbifolium forestland (XS); Caragana korshinskii bushland (CK); Hippophae rhamnoides shrubland (HR); and Stipa bungeana grassland (SB)] on ecosystem respiration fluxes in Loess Hilly Region (LHR) were studied via the static chamber technique. The results showed that different vegetation types had significant effects on ER fluxes, and the decreasing order of the cumulative fluxes was HR > MS > SB > CK > XS. Throughout the study period, the largest value of ER occurred in the summer and the lowest value occurred in the winter. Temperature (air temperature, soil temperature) and soil moisture were both significantly and positively linked with ER. For the temporal change of ER, the joint effect of soil temperature and moisture was a key regulating factor. The temperature sensitivity of ecosystem respiration varies greatly between vegetation types and seasons. In the process of LHR vegetation restoration, the ER, carbon sequestration capacity and ecological benefits of different plant types should be considered in order to select the vegetation type that is most conducive to reducing the greenhouse effect

Plasma-catalytic CO2 methanation over Ni supported on MCM-41 catalysts:Effect of metal dispersion and process optimization

Catalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) conversion technologies can be important components in carbon capture, storage and utilization for CO2 mitigation and possible future economic activity and have gained significant attention globally in past decades. Electrified non-thermal plasma (NTP) catalysis enables CO2 hydrogenation into value-added chemicals under mild conditions. If the hybrid process is coupled with renewable energy and green hydrogen, it can be the promising solution to address the energy and carbon emission challenges. To enhance the energy efficiency of NTP-catalytic systems, bespoke catalyst design and process optimization are necessary. Here, using Ni catalysts supported on mesoporous MCM-41 and NTP-catalytic CO2 methanation as the model systems, the effects of Ni metal dispersion, argon (Ar) addition and residence time on the NTP catalysis were also studied. The findings show that (i) increased metal dispersion alone did not lead to significant enhancement in the performance of NTP catalysis (e.g., CH4 production rate: 31.4 × 10−5 mol/(s·gNi) for 42.6 % Ni dispersion vs. 26.8 × 10−5 mol/(s·gNi) for 25.1 % dispersion), (ii) Ar addition to the system led to the decreased methane production rate (e.g., CH4 selectivity decreased by ∼19 % due to the increase in Ar addition to the system from 5 to 50 mL/min), and (iii) optimization of the residence time could improve the performance of NTP-catalytic CO2 methanation (i.e., an extension of the residence time to 0.69 s resulted in the higher CO2 conversion of 72.7 % and CH4 selectivity of 95.9 % at 9.6 kV than that at 0.49 s and 11 kV)