Complete mitochondrial genome of Metapenaeus affinis (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) and Metapenaeus ensis (De Haan, 1844)

Penaeid shrimp is one of the marine germplasm resources in tropical and subtropical regions. To better understand shrimp germplasm resources and develop cultured shrimp species, the complete mitochondrial genome of Metapenaeus affinis and Metapenaeus ensis was assembled. The length of M. affinis and M. ensis mitochondrial sequences is 15,957 and 15,943, respectively. Both mitochondrial sequences contain 13 protein coding, 22 tRNA, and two rRNA genes. The GC content of the genome was 34.23% and 34.12% in M. affinis and M. ensis, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the M. affinis and M. ensis are closely related, and assigned to a branch of Metapenaeus. We assembled and published the mitochondrial genome sequences of these two species, which will provide important information for the research and utilization of shrimp germplasm resources

Association analysis of alpha-amylase (AMY) and cathepsin L (CTSL) SNPs with growth traits in giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

Alpha-amylase (AMY) and cathepsin-L (CTSL) were selected as candidate genes for SNP discovery for growth traits of P. monodon. Six SNPs were found in AMY and three in CTSL in P. monodon. Association analyses for the candidate SNPs with important economic traits were performed in populations. That allele A at CTLS-213 SNP, AA, and GA, tended to be associated with increased body weight. Shrimps with genotype GG had significantly smaller CL, CW, and CH values than those with GT and TT genotypes (P < 0.05). While CTLS-820 SNP was found to be significantly associated with CH and FSL (P <0.05). These SNPs will be valid for marker-assisted selection breeding programs in P. monodon

Ammonia and salinity tolerance of Penaeus monodon across eight breeding families

© 2016 Chen et al. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Ammonia nitrogen and salinity tolerance of Penaeus monodon from eight selected breeding families were evaluated at the concentration of 67.65 mg L−1 ammonia-N and reducing salinity from 15 to 0 ‰. The final survival of family A (88.67 ± 9.81 %) was highest, and the final survival of family B was lowest (24.33 ± 14.01 %) after the ammonia tolerance test. Upon completing the sudden drop salinity test from 15 to 0 ‰, the highest survival was observed in family B (98.00 ± 1.73 %), and the lowest survival was found in family H (18.00 ± 1.73 %). Family A showed the strongest ability to tolerate ammonia stress, and family B showed the strongest tolerance to low salinity. This study suggests that the tolerance of salinity and ammonia nitrogen varied between breeding families. Results from the present study provide useful information towards selective breeding in shrimp in aquaculture for environmental tolerance

Length–weight relationship and condition factor of giant tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) from four breeding families

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.Background: Length–weight relationships and condition factors of giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) from four breeding families (family S: South China seas family, family A: African family, family SA: ♂ South China seas family × ♀ Africa family, family AS: ♂ Africa family × ♀ South China seas family) were evaluated in this study. Findings and conclusion: Length–weight relationships can be expressed as W = 0.0239BL2.789 (R2 = 0.8977) in family S, W = 0.0206BL2.9107 (R2 = 0.9107) in family A, W = 0.0211BL2.831 (R2 = 0.8869) in family SA, and W = 0.0249BL2.781 (R2 = 0.9159) in family AS. The growth of P. monodon from four breeding families follows a negative allometric trend. Fulton’s body condition factor (K) was not significantly different in males, while in females, the highest K (3.07) was observed in family AS, and the lowest K was found in family A (1.88). Results from the present study indicate that the cross group family AS (♂ Africa family × ♀ South China seas family) has obvious heterosis in females. This may suggest that the direction of further breeding of P. monodon, should be conducted by using Africa family as male parent, and South China seas family as female parent. Results from the present study will provide valuable information on selective breeding in P. monodon. Methodology used in the present study can also be applied in other similar species

Identification of microRNAs in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) under acute low-salinity stress

Salinity is a common abiotic stress in the culture of penaeid shrimp. Through post-transcriptional regulation of gene transcripts, microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the adaptation to a stressful environment. However, the involvement of miRNAs in the salinity stress response of shrimp remains unclear. In the present study, the sequence and expression profile of miRNAs in the hepatopancreas of low-salinity-treated Penaeus monodon were obtained by the high-throughput sequencing technique. A total of 679 miRNAs were identified, including 167 miRNAs that were significantly differentially expressed after low-salinity exposure (p &lt; 0.05). Remarkably, most of these miRNAs were downregulated, suggesting that a series of genes were activated to participate in stress response. In addition, 43 miRNAs differentially expressed at all treatment were selected as putative key modulators. Enrichment analysis of genes targeted by these miRNAs indicated that a network that consists of the nervous system, the immune system, and the endocrine system played a crucial role in maintaining the homeostasis of P. monodon under low-salinity stress. These findings may help contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism that regulates salinity tolerance in shrimp and provide valuable genetic information for subsequent studies

Stevioside Prevents Wear Particle-Induced Osteolysis by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis and Inflammatory Response via the Suppression of TAK1 Activation

Aseptic loosening and periprosthetic osteolysis are the leading causes of total joint arthroplasty failure, which occurs as a result of chronic inflammatory response and enhanced osteoclast activity. Here we showed that stevioside, a natural compound isolated from Stevia rebaudiana, exhibited preventative effects on titanium particle-induced osteolysis in a mouse calvarial model. Further histological assessment and real-time PCR analysis indicated that stevioside prevented titanium particle-induced osteolysis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and inflammatory cytokine expression in vivo. In vitro, we found that stevioside could suppress RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and titanium particle-induced inflammatory response in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, stevioside achieved these effects by disrupting the phosphorylation of TAK1 and subsequent activation of NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways. Collectively, our data suggest that stevioside effectively suppresses osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo, and it might be a potential therapy for particle-induced osteolysis and other osteolytic diseases

Molecular Characterization and Possible Immune Function of Two Members of Interleukin Family from Trachinotus ovatus

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines which play a core regulatory role in the immune system. In the present study, two members of the IL family, IL7 and IL8, were detected in Trachinotus ovatus. IL7 and IL8 cDNAs of T. ovatus consist of a 492 bp and 300 bp ORF (open reading frame) encoding a polypeptide of 163 and 99 amino acids, respectively. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that IL7 and IL8 contain characteristic arrangements of several conserved cysteine residues, which in T. ovatus are in positions 20, 57, 67, 105, 140, 152 and 35, 37, 61, 78, respectively. The phylogenetic tree showed that all ILs fell into four categories. Moreover, IL7 and IL8 mRNA of T. ovatus were constitutively expressed at different levels in all examined tissues, except muscle. Transcripts of IL7 were mainly expressed in liver, intestine, kidney, stomach, and fin, while transcripts of IL8 were highly detected in the eye, liver, kidney, and intestine of healthy fish. After Photobacterium damselae innoculation, mRNA levels of IL7 were higher than IL8 in the spleen and intestine, however, mRNA expression levels of IL7 were lower than IL8 in kidney 3 h post-injection. These results suggest that the two IL molecules play an important role in the inflammatory response of T. ovatus

Molecular Cloning and Expression Analysis of Cyclin H from Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

Cyclin H is an important cell protein that plays a crucial role in cell division. In the present study, the cDNA of cyclin H (designated as Pmcyclin H) was identified from black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) by expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis, and RACE techniques. The full length cDNA of Pmcyclin H is 1280bp, including a 5’-terminal un-translated region (5’UTR) of 63 bp, a 3’UTR of 218 bp with a poly (A) tail, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 999 bp encoding a polypeptide of 332 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 39 kDa, predicted pI of 6.39. Both Blast, and phylogenetic analysis, confirmed that Pmcyclin H is a new member of the shrimp cyclin H family. Using real-time PCR the mRNA expression of Pmcyclin H in eight tissues was examined, and mRNA transcript of Pmcyclin H was predominantly detectable in ovarian tissue, and to a lesser degree in the tissues of intestine, testis, stomach, and heart, but almost undetectable in the tissues of liver (hepar), brain, and muscle. The temporal expression of Pmcyclin H in different developmental stages of the ovaries was investigated by real-time PCR. During the six stages of ovarian development, one peak expression of Pmcyclin H was detected in stage II. All these results indicated that Pmcyclin H might be involved in the regulation of cell cycle and ovarian development of P. monodon

Molecular Characterization of MyD88 in Pinctada fucata and its Response to Lipopolysaccharides and Polyinosinic-cytidylic Acid

Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a key and essential adapter involved in the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) and toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated activation signaling pathway. To investigate molecular characterization of MyD88 and its gene expression profile in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic-cytidylic acid (poly (I: C)), we isolated the MyD88 cDNA sequence in Pinctada fucata and analyzed expression patterns using quantitative real-time PCR. Sequence analysis indicated that Pf-MyD88 cDNA is 1463bp in length and contains a1050bp open reading frame that encodes a 349 α peptide. Pf-MyD88 has the highest similarity with homologues of Crassostrea gigas and highly conserved death and toll/IL-1R domains. Furthermore, during LPS and poly (I:C)-stimulated experiments in the gill, peak expression levels of Pf-MyD88 were detected at 2h and 8h with a 1.58-fold and 3.58-fold increase, respectively. The results revealed the existence of a MyD88-dependent signaling pathway in P. fucata and contributed to understanding the potential role of Pf-MyD88 in the TLR/IL-1R-mediated signaling pathway