Table1_The potential of Valeriana as a traditional Chinese medicine: traditional clinical applications, bioactivities, and phytochemistry.DOCX

Valeriana plants are members of the Caprifoliaceae family, which include more than 200 species worldwide. We summarized previous reports on traditional clinical applications, bioactivities, and phytochemistry of Valeriana by searching electronic databases of Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, and some books. Some Valeriana species have been used as traditional medicines, demonstrating calming fright and tranquilizing mind, promoting Qi and blood, activating blood circulation and regulating menstruation, dispelling wind and eliminating dampness, regulating Qi-flowing to relieve pain, and promoting digestion and checking diarrhea, and treating diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems, inflammation, gynecology, and others. Pharmacology studies revealed the effects of Valeriana, including sedative, hypnotic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antidepressant, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, cytotoxic, and antitumor effects as well as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular system improvements. More than 800 compounds have been isolated or identified from Valeriana, including iridoids, lignans, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. Constituents with neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and sedative activities were also identified. However, at present, the developed drugs from Valeriana are far from sufficient. We further discussed the pharmacological effects, effective constituents, and mechanisms directly related to the traditional clinical applications of Valeriana, revealing that only several species and their essential oils were well developed to treat insomnia. To effectively promote the utilization of resources, more Valeriana species as well as their different medicinal parts should be the focus of future related studies. Clinical studies should be performed based on the traditional efficacies of Valeriana to facilitate their use in treating diseases of nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems, inflammation, and gynecology. Future studies should also focus on developing effective fractions or active compounds of Valeriana into new drugs to treat diseases associated with neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular, inflammation and tumors. Our review will promote the development and utilization of potential drugs in Valeriana and avoid wasting their medicinal resources.</p

Pyrogenicity of wtSEB and mSEB proteins in a rabbit model.

<p>Rectal temperatures of rabbits (n = 4) were monitored for 4 h and the mean temperature increase calculated. PBS was used as a negative control. mSEB <i>versus</i> wtSEB group: ^*<i>P</i><0.05, ^**<i>P</i><0.01.</p

Effect of mSEB on survival rates and T lymphocyte transformation in the mouse Lewis lung carcinoma model.

<p>The tumor-bearing mice were given wtSEB or mSEB at 250 µg/kg, or PBS alone. (A) ConA-induced mouse lymphocyte transformation test (n = 6). Comparison <i>versus</i> PBS-treated group: ^*<i>P</i><0.05. (B) mSEB administration protected against tumor-related mortality in mice. PBS was used as a negative control (n = 12).</p

Administration of mSEB to rabbits inhibited growth of VX2 tumors.

<p>(A) Comparison of tumor growth curves of rabbits by group. Each line represents tumor growth in a single rabbit. (B) Comparison of tumor weights by group. Each symbol represents the tumor weight from a single rabbit. Horizontal lines indicate the mean tumor weight in each group. Comparison <i>versus</i> PBS controls:^*<i>P</i><0.05, ^**<i>P</i><0.01.</p

Characterization of mSEB.

<p>(A) SDS-PAGE analysis of wtSEB and mSEB. Lane 1, purified wtSEB; Lane 2, mSEB; and Lane M, low molecular weight protein marker. (B) Western blot analysis of wtSEB and mSEB using anti-SEB mAb, followed by signal enhancement using the ECL detection system. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a negative control. Lane 1, wtSEB positive control; Lane 2, mSEB; Lane 3, BSA.</p

The protein concentration at which the cell growth was inhibited by 50% (IC₅₀).

<p>The protein concentration at which the cell growth was inhibited by 50% (IC₅₀).</p

Dose response curves of the cytotoxic effects of wtSEB (-⧫-) and mSEB (-△-) in various human tumor cell lines and a normal cell line.

<p>Data represent the means of triplicate samples ± SD.</p

List of significant regulated genes of <i>S.suis</i> in the presence of licochalcone A.

*<p>Positive number represents fold change of upregulated gene, and negative number represents fold change of downregulated gene at the condition of licochalcone A treatment versus untreated reference condition.</p

Genes and oligonucleotides used in validation of DNA microarray data.

<p>Genes and oligonucleotides used in validation of DNA microarray data.</p

Effects of licochalcone A on the in vitro growth of <i>S.suis</i> strain 05ZYH33.

<p>(A) the absorbance of bacteria at 600 nm at different time. (B) the viable bacteria number at different time. CFU: colony forming unit.</p