Synthesis of Cyclohexane-Fused Isocoumarins via Cationic Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization Reaction of Alkyne-Tethered Carbonyl Compounds Initiated by Intramolecular Oxypalladation of Ester-Substituted Aryl Alkynes

A cationic Pd­(II)-catalyzed cascade cyclization reaction of alkyne-tethered carbonyl compounds was developed. This reaction is initiated by intramolecular oxypalladation of alkynes with an ester group followed by 1,2-addition of the formed C–Pd­(II) bond to the carbonyl group, providing a highly efficient method for the synthesis of cyclohexane-fused isocoumarins

RT-PCR Analysis of <i>P-oo</i> Transcripts

<p>RNA was extracted from kernel pericarp (20 DAP), reverse transcribed, and PCR-amplified using primers complementary to both <i>p1</i> and <i>p2</i> transcripts. The progenitor allele <i>(P1-rr11)</i> shows amplification of a 605-bp band from <i>p1.</i> The <i>p-ww2</i> and <i>P-oo</i> alleles show amplification of a 522-bp band characteristic of the 5′ region of the <i>p2</i> gene. The <i>p1-ww1112</i> allele has a deletion of <i>p1;</i> the native <i>p2</i> gene is intact in this allele, but is not expressed in kernel pericarp.</p

Synthesis of Cyclohexane-Fused Isocoumarins via Cationic Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization Reaction of Alkyne-Tethered Carbonyl Compounds Initiated by Intramolecular Oxypalladation of Ester-Substituted Aryl Alkynes

A cationic Pd­(II)-catalyzed cascade cyclization reaction of alkyne-tethered carbonyl compounds was developed. This reaction is initiated by intramolecular oxypalladation of alkynes with an ester group followed by 1,2-addition of the formed C–Pd­(II) bond to the carbonyl group, providing a highly efficient method for the synthesis of cyclohexane-fused isocoumarins

Synthesis of Indole-Substituted Indanones via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of <i>ortho</i>-Electron-Deficient Alkynyl-Substituted Aryl Aldehydes with Indoles

A Pd­(OAc)₂-catalyzed cyclization reaction of <i>ortho</i>-electron-deficient alkynyl-substituted aryl aldehydes with indoles was accomplished, providing an efficient and economical way to synthesize indole-substituted indanones. The electron-withdrawing group attached to the alkyne and the nucleophilic indole play important roles in the formation of the indanone ring

Reversed <i>Ac</i> ends transposition generates direct duplication.

<p>The two lines indicate sister chromatids of maize chromosome 1, joined at the centromere (black). The blue boxes are exons 3, 2, and 1 (left to right) of the <i>p1</i> gene. Red lines with arrowhead(s) indicate <i>Ac/fAc</i> insertions, and the open and solid arrowheads indicate the 3′ and 5′ ends, respectively, of <i>Ac</i>/<i>fAc</i>. The short horizontal arrows show the orientations and approximate positions of PCR primers, and the numbers below are the primer names. The green/black triangles indicate the transposon target site sequences and target site duplications. (<i>A</i>) <i>Ac</i> transposase cleaves the lower chromatid at the 3′ end of <i>fAc</i> and the 5′ end of <i>Ac</i> (arrows). (<i>B</i>) Following transposase cleavage, the internal <i>p1</i> genomic sequences are joined to form a circle. Dotted lines indicate the insertion of the <i>fAc</i> and <i>Ac</i> termini into the a/b site on the sister chromatid. (<i>C</i>) Transposon ends insert into the upper sister chromatid at a proximal site. (<i>D</i>) The <i>Ac</i> 5′ end joins to the distal side (green) of the target site and the <i>fAc</i> 3′ end joins to the proximal side (black) of the target site to generate a proximal deletion (upper chromatid) and a direct duplication (lower chromatid). The shaded arrows encompass the duplicated segments. For animation, please see <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003691#pgen.1003691.s006" target="_blank">Movie S1</a>.</p

The lengths of the duplications.

<p>The lengths of the duplications.</p

Synthesis of Indole-Substituted Indanones via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of <i>ortho</i>-Electron-Deficient Alkynyl-Substituted Aryl Aldehydes with Indoles

A Pd­(OAc)₂-catalyzed cyclization reaction of <i>ortho</i>-electron-deficient alkynyl-substituted aryl aldehydes with indoles was accomplished, providing an efficient and economical way to synthesize indole-substituted indanones. The electron-withdrawing group attached to the alkyne and the nucleophilic indole play important roles in the formation of the indanone ring

PCR primers.

<p>PCR primers.</p

Breakpoint sequences of reciprocal duplication/deletion alleles <i>P1-rr-T1</i> and <i>p1-ww-T1</i> generated by Reversed Ends Transposition.

<p>(<i>A</i>) Diagram shows the structure of the progenitor <i>P1-ovov454</i> allele prior to RET. Two sister chromatids are shown, with symbols as in <a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003691#pgen-1003691-g001" target="_blank">Figure 1</a>. The dotted box shows the a/b target site region, whose sequence is indicated above. The color of the letters in the sequences matches the chromatid line color. (<i>B</i>) PCR amplification of the deletion/duplication breakpoints in <i>p1-ww-T1</i> and <i>P1-rr-T1</i> with primers 2+Ac3 (upper panel) or 1+Ac5 (lower panel). Lane 1: DNA ladder, lane 2: <i>p1-ww[4Co63]</i>, lane 3: <i>P1-ovov454/p1-ww[4Co63]</i>, lane 4: <i>p1-ww-T1/p1-ww[4Co63]</i>, lane 5: <i>P1-rr-T1/p1-ww[4Co63]</i>. (<i>C</i>) Sister chromatid structures of <i>p1-ww-T1</i> (upper) and <i>P1-rr-T1</i> (lower). Sequences of the deletion and duplication breakpoints (dotted boxes) are shown in color matching the chromatid line color. Note that each breakpoint has a copy of the 8 bp TSD GCGCTTTA which is present in a single copy at the a/b target site in the progenitor allele.</p

Ears with twinned sectors T1 (left) and T481 (right).

<p>The white and red phenotypic twinned sectors are outlined. The remainder of the ear has the orange-variegated phenotype specified by the progenitor <i>P1-ovov454</i> allele.</p