Large Area Co-Assembly of Nanowires for Flexible Transparent Smart Windows

Electrochromic devices with controllable color switching, low cost, and energy-saving advantages have been widely used as smart windows, rear-view car mirrors, displays, and so on. However, the devices are seriously limited for flexible electronics as they are traditionally fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates which will lose their conductivity after bending cycles (the resistance significantly changed from 200 Ω to 6.56 MΩ when the bending radius was 1.2 cm). Herein, we report a new route for large area coassembly of nanowires (NWs), resulting in the formation of multilayer ordered nanowire (NW) networks with tunable conductivity (7–40 Ω/sq) and transmittance (58–86% at 550 nm) for fabrication of flexible transparent electrochromic devices, showing good stability of electrochromic switching behaviors. The electrochromic performance of the devices can be tuned and is strongly dependent on the structures of the Ag and W₁₈O₄₉ NW assemblies. Unlike the ITO-based electronics, the electrochromic films can be bent to a radius of 1.2 cm for more than 1000 bending cycles without obvious failure of both conductivity (Δ<i>R</i>/<i>R</i> ≈ 8.3%) and electrochromic performance (90% retention), indicating the excellent mechanical flexibility. The present method for large area coassembly of NWs can be extended to fabricate various NW-based flexible devices in the future

Positive selection sites analysis using SLAC, FEL, IFEL and REL methods.

<p>Positive selection sites analysis using SLAC, FEL, IFEL and REL methods.</p

Phylogenetic analysis of the whole segment sequences of L, M, and S segments of 122 SFTSV strains.

<p>The maximum likelihood trees were constructed by using MEGA 5.02 software (<a href="http://www.megasoftware.net/" target="_blank">http://www.megasoftware.net/</a>). SFTSV was classified into 5 lineages labeled as A, B, C, D, and E by each genome segment. GenBank accession number and strain name were labeled on each branch. Bootstrap values ≧70 were labeled at nodes. Scale bar represented nucleotide substitutions per site.</p

Time-scaled Bayesian MCC phylogenetic tree based on concatenated SFTSV complete genome sequences.

<p>Tree nodes were annotated with posterior probability values (right), estimated median dates of time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and 95% confidence interval of TMRCA (above). Lineages (A, B, C, D and E) were marked with different colors. SFTSV strain names were labeled on each branch. Horizontal axis indicated time in years.</p

Gene-specific global dN/dS ratios estimated using SLAC method.

<p>Gene-specific global dN/dS ratios estimated using SLAC method.</p

A Family of Carbon-Based Nanocomposite Tubular Structures Created by <i>in Situ</i> Electron Beam Irradiation

We report a unique approach for the fabrication of a family of curling tubular nanostructures rapidly created by a rolling up of carbon membranes under <i>in situ</i> TEM electron beam irradiation. Multiwall tubes can also be created if irradiation by electron beam is performed long enough. This general approach can be extended to curve the conductive carbon film loaded with various functional nanomaterials, such as nanocrystals, nanorods, nanowires, and nanosheets, providing a unique strategy to make composite tubular structures and composite materials by a combination of desired optical, electronic, and magnetic properties, which could find potential applications, including fluid transportation, encapsulation, and capillarity on the nanometer scale

Posterior mean and 95% HPDs of the substitution rates estimated from the actual data sets and the 5 tip-date randomizations for the each data set.

<p>Substitution rates on the left for each data set were estimated from the actual data sets. Substitution rates on the right for each data set were estimated from the randomized data sets. The mean rates estimated for the data sets were significantly different from those estimated from the randomized data sets.</p

One-Pot Colloidal Chemistry Route to Homogeneous and Doped Colloidosomes

Colloidosomes are usually produced from a series of building blocks with different sizes ranging from several nanometers to micrometers or various shapes, such as particles, microrods, and quantum dots. Colloidosomes can possess a variety of characteristics in terms of photics, electrology, mechanical strength, and selective permeability, derived from their building blocks. However, poor mechanical stability and complicated synthesis processes have limited the applications of colloidosomes. Here, we report a new one-pot colloidal chemistry route to synthesize phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR), Ag@PFR, and Au@PFR colloidosomes with high yields. The method can be modified to synthesize different kinds of doped colloidosomes with different components, which will provide a new approach to design colloidosomes with different functions

Organophosphate and Pyrethroid Hydrolase Activities of Mutant Esterases from the Cotton Bollworm <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>

<div><p>Two mutations have been found in five closely related insect esterases (from four higher Diptera and a hymenopteran) which each confer organophosphate (OP) hydrolase activity on the enzyme and OP resistance on the insect. One mutation converts a Glycine to an Aspartate, and the other converts a Tryptophan to a Leucine in the enzymes’ active site. One of the dipteran enzymes with the Leucine mutation also shows enhanced activity against pyrethroids. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077685#s1" target="_blank">Introduction</a> of the two mutations <i>in vitro</i> into eight esterases from six other widely separated insect groups has also been reported to increase substantially the OP hydrolase activity of most of them. These data suggest that the two mutations could contribute to OP, and possibly pyrethroid, resistance in a variety of insects. We therefore introduced them <i>in vitro</i> into eight <i>Helicoverpa armigera</i> esterases from a clade that has already been implicated in OP and pyrethroid resistance. We found that they do not generally enhance either OP or pyrethroid hydrolysis in these esterases but the Aspartate mutation did increase OP hydrolysis in one enzyme by about 14 fold and the Leucine mutation caused a 4–6 fold increase in activity (more in one case) of another three against some of the most insecticidal isomers of fenvalerate and cypermethrin. The Aspartate enzyme and one of the Leucine enzymes occur in regions of the <i>H. armigera</i> esterase isozyme profile that have been previously implicated in OP and pyrethroid resistance, respectively.</p></div

Estimates of turn over numbers (min⁻¹) for the wild-type (Wt) and Leu mutants of five of the esterases with esfenvalerate and the eight isomers of cypermethrin.

<p>Estimates are based on an average of three replicates and standard errors for these estimates are also given in brackets. Values for the wild-type enzymes and two E3 controls are taken from Teese et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0077685#pone.0077685-Teese2" target="_blank">[32]</a>.</p