Comment; Eco-Ethica and Environmental Ethics

千葉大学公共研究センター21世紀プログラム「持続可能な福祉社会に向けた公共研究拠点

Table_1_Physical activities and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.DOCX

ObjectivesPhysical activity (PA) is considered beneficial in slowing the progression and improving the neurodegenerative disease prognosis. However, the association between PA and neurodegenerative diseases remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the causal association between PA phenotypes and neurodegenerative diseases.Materials and methodsGenetic variants robustly associated with PA phenotypes, used as instrumental variables, were extracted from public genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), were considered outcomes. GWAS information was also obtained from the most recent large population study of individuals with European ancestry. Multiple MR methods, pleiotropy tests and sensitivity analyses were performed to obtain a robust and valid estimation.ResultsWe found a positive association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activities and ALS based on the inverse variance weighted MR analysis method (OR: 2.507, 95% CI: 1.218–5.160, p = 0.013). The pleiotropy test and sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness and validity of these MR results. No causal effects of PA phenotypes were found on PD and AD.ConclusionOur study indicates a causal effect of PA on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Genetically predicted increases in self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA participation could increase the risk of ALS in individuals of European ancestry. Precise and individualized prescriptions of physical activity should be provided to the elderly population.</p

Table_3_Physical activities and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.DOCX

ObjectivesPhysical activity (PA) is considered beneficial in slowing the progression and improving the neurodegenerative disease prognosis. However, the association between PA and neurodegenerative diseases remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the causal association between PA phenotypes and neurodegenerative diseases.Materials and methodsGenetic variants robustly associated with PA phenotypes, used as instrumental variables, were extracted from public genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), were considered outcomes. GWAS information was also obtained from the most recent large population study of individuals with European ancestry. Multiple MR methods, pleiotropy tests and sensitivity analyses were performed to obtain a robust and valid estimation.ResultsWe found a positive association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activities and ALS based on the inverse variance weighted MR analysis method (OR: 2.507, 95% CI: 1.218–5.160, p = 0.013). The pleiotropy test and sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness and validity of these MR results. No causal effects of PA phenotypes were found on PD and AD.ConclusionOur study indicates a causal effect of PA on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Genetically predicted increases in self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA participation could increase the risk of ALS in individuals of European ancestry. Precise and individualized prescriptions of physical activity should be provided to the elderly population.</p

Table_4_Physical activities and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.DOCX

ObjectivesPhysical activity (PA) is considered beneficial in slowing the progression and improving the neurodegenerative disease prognosis. However, the association between PA and neurodegenerative diseases remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the causal association between PA phenotypes and neurodegenerative diseases.Materials and methodsGenetic variants robustly associated with PA phenotypes, used as instrumental variables, were extracted from public genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), were considered outcomes. GWAS information was also obtained from the most recent large population study of individuals with European ancestry. Multiple MR methods, pleiotropy tests and sensitivity analyses were performed to obtain a robust and valid estimation.ResultsWe found a positive association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activities and ALS based on the inverse variance weighted MR analysis method (OR: 2.507, 95% CI: 1.218–5.160, p = 0.013). The pleiotropy test and sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness and validity of these MR results. No causal effects of PA phenotypes were found on PD and AD.ConclusionOur study indicates a causal effect of PA on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Genetically predicted increases in self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA participation could increase the risk of ALS in individuals of European ancestry. Precise and individualized prescriptions of physical activity should be provided to the elderly population.</p

Table_2_Physical activities and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study.DOCX

ObjectivesPhysical activity (PA) is considered beneficial in slowing the progression and improving the neurodegenerative disease prognosis. However, the association between PA and neurodegenerative diseases remains unknown. In this study, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to estimate the causal association between PA phenotypes and neurodegenerative diseases.Materials and methodsGenetic variants robustly associated with PA phenotypes, used as instrumental variables, were extracted from public genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), were considered outcomes. GWAS information was also obtained from the most recent large population study of individuals with European ancestry. Multiple MR methods, pleiotropy tests and sensitivity analyses were performed to obtain a robust and valid estimation.ResultsWe found a positive association between moderate-to-vigorous physical activities and ALS based on the inverse variance weighted MR analysis method (OR: 2.507, 95% CI: 1.218–5.160, p = 0.013). The pleiotropy test and sensitivity analysis confirmed the robustness and validity of these MR results. No causal effects of PA phenotypes were found on PD and AD.ConclusionOur study indicates a causal effect of PA on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Genetically predicted increases in self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA participation could increase the risk of ALS in individuals of European ancestry. Precise and individualized prescriptions of physical activity should be provided to the elderly population.</p

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp³)–H Borylation

Pd­(II)-catalyzed enantioselective borylation of C­(sp³)–H bonds has been realized for the first time using chiral acetyl-protected aminomethyl oxazoline ligands. This reaction is compatible with carbocyclic amides containing α-tertiary as well as α-quaternary carbon centers. The chiral β-borylated amides are useful synthons for the synthesis of chiral β-hydroxylated, β-fluorinated, and β-arylated carboxylic acids

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp³)–H Borylation

Pd­(II)-catalyzed enantioselective borylation of C­(sp³)–H bonds has been realized for the first time using chiral acetyl-protected aminomethyl oxazoline ligands. This reaction is compatible with carbocyclic amides containing α-tertiary as well as α-quaternary carbon centers. The chiral β-borylated amides are useful synthons for the synthesis of chiral β-hydroxylated, β-fluorinated, and β-arylated carboxylic acids

Superhydrophobic Anodized Fe Surface Modified with Fluoroalkylsilane for Application in LiBr–Water Absorption Refrigeration Process

LiBr refrigerating systems are frequently used in industry, but the pipelines are easily corroded or blocked by the LiBr solution with high flow resistance. Here, a superhydrophobic Fe surface was proposed and tested for applicability. After constructing a rough Fe₂O₃ nanotube array on a Fe surface by the anodization process, a superhydrophobic Fe surface was obtained by silane modification. The as-prepared superhydrophobic surface exhibited excellent repulsion to LiBr solutions. The modified Fe foil showed a 3.35% decrease in thermal conductivity but a 99.2% improvement of anticorrosion protection efficiency. LiBr crystals deposited on this surface were easily detached. The flow resistance along the superhydrophobic surface was reduced to 50% of that along a pure Fe surface. The operation temperature of the system was broadened due to low blockage risk. The excellent thermal conductivity, anticorrosivity, drag reduction, and antifouling performance of the superhydrophobic Fe surface exhibits promise for industrial application

Ligand-Enabled γ‑C(sp³)–H Olefination of Amines: En Route to Pyrrolidines

Pd­(II)-catalyzed olefination of γ-C­(sp³)–H bonds of triflyl (Tf) and 4-nitrobenzenesulfonyl (Ns) protected amines is achieved. Subsequent aza-Wacker oxidative cyclization or conjugate addition of the olefinated intermediates provides a variety of C-2 alkylated pyrrolidines. Three pyridine- and quinoline-based ligands are developed to match different classes of amine substrates, demonstrating a rare example of ligand-enabled C­(sp³)–H olefination reactions. The use of Ns protecting group to direct C­(sp³)–H activation of alkyl amines is also a significant step toward practical C–H functionalizations of alkyl amines

Pd(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective C(sp³)–H Borylation

Pd­(II)-catalyzed enantioselective borylation of C­(sp³)–H bonds has been realized for the first time using chiral acetyl-protected aminomethyl oxazoline ligands. This reaction is compatible with carbocyclic amides containing α-tertiary as well as α-quaternary carbon centers. The chiral β-borylated amides are useful synthons for the synthesis of chiral β-hydroxylated, β-fluorinated, and β-arylated carboxylic acids