Conditions towards manufacturing upgrading in the era of Industry 4.0

As a manufacturing power in the era of Industry 4.0, the Chinese traditional manufacturing industry urgently needs innovation and upgrading. In this process, the pressure on the traditional manufacturing industry is mainly financial shortages. The government can act as a Booster to add power to the upgrading by providing financial support. We build a three-tier game model consisting of Raw Material Suppliers, a Traditional Manufacturer, and an Original Equipment Manufacturer to explore the upgrading conditions and construct three settings: Agency, Consignment, and Design. We find that the government subsidy can serve as an effective way to ease enterprises’ financial burden and improve the innovation level, which is more evident when the traditional manufacturer innovates. In addition, when the market competition and the government subsidy are both at a moderate level, the combined effect of the two factors is positive, and the condition is the best to upgrade. Encouragingly, the social welfare under Design will be the highest when the government subsidy is slightly great. Finally, excessive subsidy hinders upgrading and aggravates market competition, even if the traditional manufacturer enjoys exorbitant profits. HIGHLIGHTSThe upgrading on the manufacturing industry in the era of Industry 4.0The right of product design in supply chain modelsThe cross-influence of the government subsidy and market competition on industrial upgrading is introducedThe conditions to help upgrade the manufacturing industry are given in the era of Industry 4.0 The upgrading on the manufacturing industry in the era of Industry 4.0 The right of product design in supply chain models The cross-influence of the government subsidy and market competition on industrial upgrading is introduced The conditions to help upgrade the manufacturing industry are given in the era of Industry 4.0</p

Changes of ATP content in liver tissue homogenate at 4 hpi, 8 hpi and 54 hpi (hpi: Hours Post-Injection).

<p>Liver tissue samples were obtained from individual ducklings of each group at the indicated time points, and the ATP content in liver tissue was detected with ATP assay kit. a-c Bars in the same index at the same time point without the same superscripts differ significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p

Changes of the mitochondrial peroxidation injury indexes at 4 hpi, 8hpi and 54 hpi (hpi: Hours Post-Injection).

<p>Liver tissue samples were obtained from individual ducklings of each group at the indicated time points to isolate mitochondria. Then the mitochondrial SOD (A), GPX (B) activities and MDA (C) content were detected with corresponding assay kit. a-c Bars in the same index at the same time point without the same superscripts differ significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p

Changes of mitochondria ultrastructure at 8 hpi and 54 hpi (hpi: Hours Post-Injection).

<p>Liver tissue samples were obtained from individual ducklings of each group at the indicated time points, and the ultrastructure changes of liver mitochondria were analyzed by using TEM. Scale bar, 1 μm.</p

Liver histological changes of each group at 4 hpi, 8 hpi and 54 hpi (hpi: Hours Post-Injection) (HE stain, × 200).

<p>Liver tissues were randomly isolated from 5 feathers collected from birds in each group at 4 hpi, 8 hpi and 54 hpi. A portion of each isolated liver tissue was instantly fixed in neutral phosphate-buffered 10% formalin solution and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Arrows indicate inflammatory cells and pentagrams indicate necrosis foci.</p

Changes of hepatic peroxidation indexes in liver tissue at 4 hpi, 8 hpi and 54 hpi (hpi: Hours Post-Injection).

<p>Liver tissue samples were obtained from individual ducklings of each group at the indicated time points, and the liver tissue SOD (A), CAT (B), GPX (C) activities and MDA (D) content were detected with corresponding assay kit. a-c Bars in the same index at the same time point without the same superscripts differ significantly (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p