854 research outputs found
Nonresonant scattering of energetic electrons by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: spacecraft observations and theoretical framework
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves lead to rapid scattering of
relativistic electrons in Earth's radiation belts, due to their large
amplitudes relative to other waves that interact with electrons of this energy
range. A central feature of electron precipitation driven by EMIC waves is
deeply elusive: moderate precipitating fluxes at energies below the minimum
resonance energy of EMIC waves occur concurrently with strong precipitating
fluxes at resonance energies in low-altitude spacecraft observations. Here we
expand on a previously reported solution to this problem: nonresonant
scattering due to wave packets of finite size. We first generalize the
quasi-linear diffusion model to incorporate nonresonant scattering by a generic
wave shape. The diffusion rate decays exponentially away from the resonance,
where shorter packets lower decay rates and thus widen the energy range of
significant scattering. Using realistic EMIC wave packets from
particle-in-cell simulations, we then perform test particle simulations, and
demonstrate that intense, short packets extend the energy of significant
scattering well below the minimum resonance energy, consistent with our
theoretical prediction. Finally, we compare the calculated
precipitating-to-trapped flux ratio of relativistic electrons to ELFIN
observations, and infer the wave power spectra that are consistent with the
measured flux ratio. We demonstrate that even with a narrow wave spectrum,
short EMIC wave packets can provide moderately intense precipitating fluxes
well below the minimum resonance energy.Comment: 27 pages, 7 figure
Nonlinear Landau resonant interaction between whistler waves and electrons: Excitation of electron acoustic waves
Electron acoustic waves (EAWs), as well as electron-acoustic solitary
structures, play a crucial role in thermalization and acceleration of electron
populations in Earth's magnetosphere. These waves are often observed in
association with whistler-mode waves, but the detailed mechanism of EAW and
whistler wave coupling is not yet revealed. We investigate the excitation
mechanism of EAWs and their potential relation to whistler waves using
particle-in-cell simulations. Whistler waves are first excited by electrons
with a temperature anisotropy perpendicular to the background magnetic field.
Electrons trapped by these whistler waves through nonlinear Landau resonance
form localized field-aligned beams, which subsequently excite EAWs. By
comparing the growth rate of EAWs and the phase mixing rate of trapped electron
beams, we obtain the critical condition for EAW excitation, which is consistent
with our simulation results across a wide region in parameter space. These
results are expected to be useful in the interpretation of concurrent
observations of whistler-mode waves and nonlinear solitary structures, and may
also have important implications for investigation of cross-scale energy
transfer in the near-Earth space environment
Comparison of outcomes of idiopathic macular holes treated by vitrectomy with air or silicone oil tamponade based on the hole size
AIM: To compare the efficacy of vitrectomy combined with air or silicone oil in the treatment of idiopathic macular hole (IMH). METHODS: According to the results of high-definition optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT), 75 cases (75 eyes) of IMH in stage II-IV (Gass stage) in the General Hospital of Chinese PLA from January 2017 to December 2019 were collected for this retrospective study. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and minimum diameter of IMH (MMHD) were measured. Eyes underwent vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane peeling operation, and were divided into disinfection air group (30 eyes) and silicone oil group (45 eyes) according to the intraocular tamponade. For MMHD≤400 μm (MMHD1), there were 23 eyes in air group and 16 eyes in silicone oil group. For MMHD2>400 μm (MMHD2), there were 7 eyes in air group and 29 eyes in silicone oil group. One month after surgery, the closure rates of IMH and BCVA were compared and analyzed. According to HD-OCT, the closure shape was graded with A (bridge closure) and B (good closure). RESULTS: The closure rates of air group and silicone oil group were 86.67% and 95.56% respectively with no significant difference (P>0.05); For MMHD1, those of air group and silicone oil group were 95.65% and 100% respectively with no significant difference (P>0.05); For MMHD2, those of air group and silicone oil group were 57.14% and 93.10% respectively, and those of the silicone oil group were higher than the air group (P0.05). The proportion of Grade B in MMHD2 silicone oil group was higher than that in the air group (P0.05). CONCLUSION: For smaller IMH (≤400 μm), the efficacy of vitrectomy combined with air should be considered better than silicone oil; for larger IMH (>400 μm), the efficacy of silicone oil may be better than air
Correction: Hong, K. et al. Actinomycetes for Marine Drug Discovery Isolated from Mangrove Soils and Plants in China. Mar. Drugs 2009, 7, 24–44
We found an error in our paper published in Marine Drugs [1]. [...
Developing a Model for Chloride Ions Transport in Cement Concrete under Dynamic Flexural Loading and Dry-Wet Cycles
Chloride ions attack is the main factor leading to the degradation of concrete durability, while the diffusion process would be significantly aggravated under the dynamic flexural loading and dry-wet cycles. In this paper, the influence coefficients of dynamic flexural loading on chloride/water diffusion coefficients were established, based on the relationship between the dynamic flexural loading and the chloride ions diffusion coefficient of concrete. Based on the model of chloride ions transporting in dry-wet cycle environment, the transport model of chloride ions in concrete under the dynamic flexural loading and dry-wet cycles was established. The effects of different factors on the chloride ions transport law in concrete were analyzed through laboratory test. The results showed that the model was in good agreement with the experimental results. The theory and assumptions proposed applied in the model of chloride ions transport in concrete under the dynamic flexural loading and dry-wet cycles had certain rationality and scientificity
Exponentially Complex Quantum Many-Body Simulation via Scalable Deep Learning Method
For decades, people are developing efficient numerical methods for solving
the challenging quantum many-body problem, whose Hilbert space grows
exponentially with the size of the problem. However, this journey is far from
over, as previous methods all have serious limitations. The recently developed
deep learning methods provide a very promising new route to solve the
long-standing quantum many-body problems. We report that a deep learning based
simulation protocol can achieve the solution with state-of-the-art precision in
the Hilbert space as large as for spin system and for
fermion system , using a HPC-AI hybrid framework on the new Sunway
supercomputer. With highly scalability up to 40 million heterogeneous cores,
our applications have measured 94% weak scaling efficiency and 72% strong
scaling efficiency. The accomplishment of this work opens the door to simulate
spin models and Fermion models on unprecedented lattice size with extreme high
precision.Comment: Massive ground state optimizations of CNN-based wave-functions for
- model and - model carried out on a heterogeneous cores
supercompute
Differential Effects Of Conifer And Broadleaf Litter Inputs On Soil Organic Carbon Chemical Composition Through Altered Soil Microbial Community Composition
A strategic selection of tree species will shift the type and quality of litter input, and subsequently magnitude and composition of the soil organic carbon (SOC) through soil microbial community. We conducted a manipulative experiment in randomized block design with leaf litter inputs of four native subtropical tree species in a Pinus massoniana plantation in southern China and found that the chemical composition of SOC did not differ significantly among treatments until after 28 months of the experiment. Contrasting leaf litter inputs had significant impacts on the amounts of total microbial, Gram-positive bacterial, and actinomycic PLFAs, but not on the amounts of total bacterial, Gramnegative bacterial, and fungal PLFAs. There were significant differences in alkyl/O-alkyl C in soils among the leaf litter input treatments, but no apparent differences in the proportions of chemical compositions (alkyl, O-alkyl, aromatic, and carbonyl C) in SOC. Soil alkyl/O-alkyl C was significantly related to the amounts of total microbial, and Gram-positive bacterial PLFAs, but not to the chemical compositions of leaf litter. Our findings suggest that changes in forest leaf litter inputs could result in changes in chemical stability of SOC through the altered microbial community composition
Endoscopic Therapy of Colonic Liver Flexure Mucocele
Colorectal mucoceles usually arise in the appendix, and colonic disease is very rare. We report the first case of a mucocele of the colonic liver flexure that was treated successfully with endoscopy. A 36-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of abdominal distension persisting for 3 days. Colonoscopic examination revealed a round polyp in the hepatic flexure, and we performed hot snare polypectomy with argon plasma coagulation. Histologically, the polypectomy specimen was confirmed to be a mucocele, with no neoplastic changes. Follow-up examinations at 6 and 12 months showed no evidence of recurrence
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