<i>Hira</i> gene expression in adult <i>Drosophila simulans</i> flies.

<p>Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 1-day-old males and 3∼4-day-old females infected with the <i>w</i>Ri and <i>w</i>Au strains of <i>Wolbachia</i> in addition to <i>Wolbachia</i>-uninfected flies (Dsim T). “<b>/</b>” represented the relative value; Bars indicated standard error; “*” indicated significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05), “**” indicated extremely significant difference (<i>P</i><0.01). Abbreviations: Dsim <i>w</i>Ri, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Ri; Dsim <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dsim T, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

CI expression in early embryos of <i>D. melanogaster</i>.

<p>(A) Embryos derived from uninfected crosses as control. The nuclei are evenly distributed; (B) Embryos derived from CI crosses with DMel <i>w</i>Mel males and DMel T females. Nuclei divisions are asynchronous. Chromatin bridges can be observed. (C) Embryos derived from the crosses of <i>Hira</i>^HR1 males and DMel T females. Nuclei divisions are asynchronous. Chromatin bridges can be observed. Bars, 10 µm.</p

<i>Hira</i> gene expression in adult <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> flies.

<p>Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on 1-day-old males and 3∼4-day-old females infected with the <i>w</i>Mel and <i>w</i>Au strains of <i>Wolbachia</i> in addition to <i>Wolbachia</i>-uninfected flies (Dmel T). “<b>/</b>” represented the relative value; bars = standard error; “*” indicated <i>P</i><0.05, “**” indicated <i>P</i><0.01. Abbreviations: Dmel <i>w</i>Mel, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Mel; Dmel <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dmel T, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

<i>D. simulans</i> crosses with different <i>Wolbachia</i> strains and host male ages.

<p>Abbreviations: Dsim <i>w</i>Ri, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Ri; Dsim <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dsim T, <i>Drosophila simulans</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

<i>D. melanogaster</i> crosses with different <i>Wolbachia</i> strains and host male ages.

<p>Females used in this study were all 3∼4 days old; Egg hatch was shown as mean ± standard error;</p><p>**indicates <i>P</i><0.01. The same as in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0019512#pone-0019512-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p><p>Abbreviations: Dmel <i>w</i>Mel, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Mel; Dmel <i>w</i>Au, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> infected with <i>w</i>Au; Dmel T, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> treated with tetracycline (without <i>Wolbachia</i>).</p

<i>Hira</i> gene expression in 1-day and 5-day-old <i>D. melanogaster</i> males.

<p>Bars indicated standard error; “**” indicated significant difference (<i>P</i><0.01).</p

Effect of <i>Hira</i>-mutant males (1-day-old) on egg hatch rates and progeny sex ratio.

<p>Egg hatch and the ratio of female to male were shown as average ± standard error;</p><p>*indicates <i>P</i><0.05.</p

<i>Hira</i> gene expression in 1-day and 5-day-old <i>D. simulans</i> males.

<p>Bars indicated standard error; “*” indicated significant difference (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

The longevities of <i>Wolbachia</i>-infected and -uninfected flies living in the medium infused either 300 µg·ml⁻¹ (a, b) or 0 µg·ml⁻¹ (c, d) of lead.

<p>(<b>a, c</b>) Female adults. (<b>b, d</b>) Male adults. Bars = standard error; “*” indicated P<0.05; “**” indicated P<0.01.</p

<i>Wolbachia</i> infection limited peroxidation in <i>Drosophila</i> larvae cultured in the medium infused 300 µg·ml⁻¹ of lead.

<p>(<b>a</b>) Comparison of SOD activities in Dmel <i>w</i>Mel and Dmel T larvae after challenge with lead. (<b>b</b>) Comparison of MDA contents in Dmel <i>w</i>Mel and Dmel T larvae after challenge with lead. Bars = standard error; “*” indicated P<0.05.</p