Improved Successive Cancellation Decoding of Polar Codes

As improved versions of successive cancellation (SC) decoding algorithm, successive cancellation list (SCL) decoding and successive cancellation stack (SCS) decoding are used to improve the finite-length performance of polar codes. Unified descriptions of SC, SCL and SCS decoding algorithms are given as path searching procedures on the code tree of polar codes. Combining the ideas of SCL and SCS, a new decoding algorithm named successive cancellation hybrid (SCH) is proposed, which can achieve a better trade-off between computational complexity and space complexity. Further, to reduce the complexity, a pruning technique is proposed to avoid unnecessary path searching operations. Performance and complexity analysis based on simulations show that, with proper configurations, all the three improved successive cancellation (ISC) decoding algorithms can have a performance very close to that of maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding with acceptable complexity. Moreover, with the help of the proposed pruning technique, the complexities of ISC decoders can be very close to that of SC decoder in the moderate and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime.Comment: This paper is modified and submitted to IEEE Transactions on Communication

A simple and natural interpretations of the DAMPE cosmic-ray electron/positron spectrum within two sigma deviations

The DArk Matter Particle Explorer (DAMPE) experiment has recently announced the first results for the measurement of total electron plus positron fluxes between 25 GeV and 4.6 TeV. A spectral break at about 0.9 TeV and a tentative peak excess around 1.4 TeV have been found. However, it is very difficult to reproduce both the peak signal and the smooth background including spectral break simultaneously. We point out that the numbers of events in the two energy ranges (bins) close to the 1.4 TeV excess have $1\sigma$ deficits. With the basic physics principles such as simplicity and naturalness, we consider the $-2\sigma$, $+2\sigma$, and $-1\sigma$ deviations due to statistical fluctuations for the 1229.3~GeV bin, 1411.4~GeV bin, and 1620.5~GeV bin. Interestingly, we show that all the DAMPE data can be explained consistently via both the continuous distributed pulsar and dark matter interpretations, which have $\chi^{2} \simeq 17.2$ and $\chi^{2} \simeq 13.9$ (for all the 38 points in DAMPE electron/positron spectrum with 3 of them revised), respectively. These results are different from the previous analyses by neglecting the 1.4 TeV excess. At the same time, we do a similar global fitting on the newly released CALET lepton data, which could also be interpreted by such configurations. Moreover, we present a $U(1)_D$ dark matter model with Breit-Wigner mechanism, which can provide the proper dark matter annihilation cross section and escape the CMB constraint. Furthermore, we suggest a few ways to test our proposal.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables. Figures and Bibs update

Should I Stay or Should I Go: Two Features to Help People Stop An Exploratory Search Wisely

poster abstractAs information becomes more ubiquitously available, many information users tend to experience a sense of anxiety due to the “information overload”. Few studies have systematically examined searchers’ stopping behavior, i.e., how users recognize how much information is enough to terminate a search. Bad decisions on a stopping point will lead to either insufficient information or unnecessary waste of time and effort without much additional information gain. Understanding searchers’ stopping behavior is extremely important to assist in thorough search result evaluation and to prevent a premature or a too-late search stopping. In this study, we present the design and implementation of two search techniques: Result Preview (RP) and History Review (HR), to help people make right decisions about when to terminate a search and how to consume information efficiently when facing an overwhelming amount of information. The basic idea of RP is to visualize the distribution of newly retrieved and re-retrieved documents to users, and that of HR is to display the previous search activities for searchers to review what has been done to help define the next steps. Both features are aiming at guiding searchers through the process of problem solving and decision making about whether to stay or leave during the search process. To implement the two techniques, we developed the search system on Bing Search API. The Bing search results were brought back to the search interface using AJAX and PHP. A formal user experiment with 24 participants is also proposed to evaluate the benefits and limitations, and also inform the future RP and HR design

Translation of DNA into Evolvable Sequence-Defined Synthetic Polymers

Laboratory directed evolution have enabled the discovery of numerous functional natural and synthetic macromolecules with tailor-made functions. However, approaches that use enzymes to effect the crucial translation from an information carrier molecule such as DNA or RNA to synthetic polymers are limited to producing close analogs of nucleic acids, either due to a strict requirement to hybridize with a nucleic acid template or as a consequence of the limited substrate scope of polymerase enzymes.Chemistry and Chemical Biolog

Hankel determinants, Pad\'e approximations, and irrationality exponents

The irrationality exponent of an irrational number $\xi$, which measures the approximation rate of $\xi$ by rationals, is in general extremely difficult to compute explicitly, unless we know the continued fraction expansion of $\xi$. Results obtained so far are rather fragmentary, and often treated case by case. In this work, we shall unify all the known results on the subject by showing that the irrationality exponents of large classes of automatic numbers and Mahler numbers (which are transcendental) are exactly equal to $2$. Our classes contain the Thue--Morse--Mahler numbers, the sum of the reciprocals of the Fermat numbers, the regular paperfolding numbers, which have been previously considered respectively by Bugeaud, Coons, and Guo, Wu and Wen, but also new classes such as the Stern numbers and so on. Among other ingredients, our proofs use results on Hankel determinants obtained recently by Han.Comment: International Mathematics Research Notices 201