Bone mineral density of femora and bone mineral content of tibiae and teeth of F2 generation female rats after three generations of continuously drinking the four water types.

<p>A shows the bone mineral density of femora, B shows the calcium content of both the tibiae and teeth, and C shows the magnesium content of both the tibiae and teeth. TW: Tap water, bNW: bottled natural water, bMW: bottled mineralized water, bPW: bottled purified water.</p

Multi-Generational Drinking of Bottled Low Mineral Water Impairs Bone Quality in Female Rats

<div><p>Background</p><p>Because of reproductions and hormone changes, females are more sensitive to bone mineral loss during their lifetime. Bottled water has become more popular in recent years, and a large number of products are low mineral water. However, research on the effects of drinking bottled low mineral water on bone health is sparse.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To elucidate the skeletal effects of multi-generational bottled water drinking in female rats.</p><p>Methods</p><p>Rats continuously drank tap water (TW), bottled natural water (bNW), bottled mineralized water (bMW), or bottled purified water (bPW) for three generations.</p><p>Results</p><p>The maximum deflection, elastic deflection, and ultimate strain of the femoral diaphysis in the bNW, bMW, and bPW groups and the fracture strain in the bNW and bMW groups were significantly decreased. The tibiae calcium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than that in the TW group. The tibiae and teeth magnesium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than those in the TW group. The collagen turnover markers PICP (in both bNW and bPW groups) were significantly lower than that in the TW group. In all three low mineral water groups, the 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D levels were significantly lower than those in the TW group.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Long-term drinking of low mineral water may disturb bone metabolism and biochemical properties and therefore weaken biomechanical bone properties in females. Drinking tap water, which contains adequate minerals, was found to be better for bone health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on drinking bottled low mineral water and female bone quality on three generation model.</p></div

Biochemical indicators of bone metabolism in F2 generation female rats after 3 generations of continuously drinking the 4 water types.

<p>A shows the level of PICP, B shows the level of BALP, C shows the level of ICTP and D shows the level of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in serum. TW: Tap water, bNW: bottled natural water, bMW: bottled mineralized water, bPW: bottled purified water.</p

Bone mineral density of femora and bone mineral content of tibiae and teeth of F2 generation female rats after three generations of continuously drinking the four water types.

<p>A shows the bone mineral density of femora, B shows the calcium content of both the tibiae and teeth, and C shows the magnesium content of both the tibiae and teeth. TW: Tap water, bNW: bottled natural water, bMW: bottled mineralized water, bPW: bottled purified water.</p

Femur biomechanical properties, according to the three-point bending test, of F2 female rats after three generations of continuous drinking of four water types.

<p>The basic bone parameters, including length, cortical bone area, bone diameter and bone cross-sectional moment of inertia, are shown in A, B, C, and D, respectively; the bone structural properties, including ultimate load, elastic load, maximum deflection of femoral diaphysis and elastic deflection, are shown in E, F, G, H, respectively; the bone material properties, including Young modulus, ultimate stress, ultimate strain and fracture strain, are shown in I, J, K, L, respectively. TW: Tap water, bNW: bottled natural water, bMW: bottled mineralized water, bPW: bottled purified water.</p

Phthalate Levels in Cord Blood Are Associated with Preterm Delivery and Fetal Growth Parameters in Chinese Women

<div><p>Data concerning the effects of phthalate exposure on preterm delivery and fetal growth are limited in humans. In this paper, we assessed the relationship between 15 phthalate levels in cord blood and preterm delivery and fetal growth parameters in 207 Chinese women going into labor. Exposure to phthalates except DCHP was associated with gestational age reduction and preterm delivery (p<0.05). There were associations between phthalates and fetal growth parameters, many of which disappeared when analyses were adjusted for gestational age, especially in male infants (Only DEEP was associated with birth weight; DEP, DNHP, BBP, DNP with abdominal circumference; DEP, DBP, DCHP, DEHP with femur length in female infants. And DPP, DBEP was associated with birth length in male infants. p<0.05). This study indicates that prenatal exposure to phthalates is associated with younger gestational age and preterm delivery. Also, phthalate exposure may adversely affect fetal growth parameters via gestational age reduction and preterm delivery with a significant gender effect.</p></div

Association between cord blood PAEs levels and gestational age and preterm delivery.

a<p>Concentrations were converted into categorical variables as detectable and non-detectable.</p>b<p>Concentrations below the level of detection (LOD) were replaced by LOD/√2 and transformed into Ln- transformation.</p>c<p>Unadjusted regression coefficients for linear regression analyses.</p>d<p>Regression coefficients for linear regression analyses adjusted for maternal age, BMI, frequency of prenatal examination, history of intravenous infusions therapy and pregnancy history.</p>e<p>Unadjusted odds ratios from binary logistic regression analyses.</p>f<p>Odds ratios from binary logistic regression analyses adjusted for maternal age, BMI, frequency of prenatal examination and pregnancy history.</p>g<p>Odds ratio from binary logistic regression analyses adjusted for maternal age, BMI, frequency of prenatal examination and pregnancy history in the group with no history of intravenous infusions therapy.</p>h<p>Odds ratio from binary logistic regression analyses adjusted for maternal age, BMI, frequency of prenatal examination and pregnancy history in the group with a history of intravenous infusions therapy.</p>*<p><i>p</i><0.05.</p>**<p><i>p</i><0.01.</p

Cord blood concentrations of 15 PAEs.

<p>N.D. (not detected) indicates analyte below the level of detection.</p

Characteristics of pregnant women and their offspring.

a<p>estimated using independent samples T – test.</p>b<p>estimate using chi - square test. PROM: premature rupture of membranes. ICP: intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. PIH: pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome (including preeclampsia). GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus. HC: head circumference. BPD: biparietal diameter. AC: abdominal circumference. FL: femur length. BMI: body mass index. IV: Intravenous.</p

Association between cord blood PAEs levels and fetal birth weight, birth length and Abdominal Circumference in all male infants.

a<p>Concentrations were converted into categorical variables as detectable and non-detectable.</p>b<p>Concentrations below the LOD were replaced by LOD/√2 and transformed into Ln- transformation.</p>c<p>Unadjusted regression coefficients from linear regression analyses.</p>d<p>Regression coefficients from linear regression analyses adjusted for gestational age.</p>**<p><i>p</i><0.01.</p>*<p><i>p</i><0.05.</p