Polyketides from the fungus <i>Penicillium decumbens</i>

<p>Two new polyketides, 3,11-dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyldodecanoic acid (<b>1</b>) and trichopyrone B (<b>2</b>), together with two known polyketides, sorbicillin (<b>3</b>) and penicillone A (<b>4</b>), have been isolated from the cultures broth of the fungus <i>Penicillium decumbens</i>. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. Of these, compound <b>3</b> showed antifungal activity toward <i>Candida albicans</i> Y0109 with a MIC value of 50 μM. Moreover, compounds <b>3</b> and <b>4</b> exhibited selective cytotoxicity against the human hepatocellular carcinoma (QGY-7703) cell line with the IC₅₀ values of 32.5 and 22.8 μM, respectively.</p

Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for three shade-tolerant guilds in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for three tree size classes in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Small trees, Medium trees and Large trees show tree size classes with 1–20 cm, 20–40 cm and >40 cm dbh, respectively. Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for all species in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

AIC values of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the community and guild level.

<p>AIC values of the most likely models are shown in bold. Size, Abiotic, Biotic and All factors represent models with only tree size, tree size and abiotic factors, tree size and biotic factors, and all factors included, respectively. Very rare, rare, common, very common denote abundance classes with 1–100, 100–1000, 1000–5000 and >5000 individuals, respectively. Small, medium, and large tree size classes include individuals with 1–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and >40 cm dbh, respectively.</p

Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the community and guild level.

<p>Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the community and guild level.</p

AIC values of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival for 20 tree species with >100 individuals.

<p>AIC values of the most likely models are shown in bold. Size, Abiotic, Biotic and All factors correspond to models with only tree size, tree size and abiotic factors, tree size and biotic factors, and all factors included, respectively.</p

Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the species level.

<p>Predictive and discriminative measures ( and ) of the generalized linear mixed models of tree survival at the species level.</p

Standardized parameter estimates (±2 SE) of abiotic and biotic variables and size on tree survival for three abundance classes in the Changbai temperate forest.

<p>Filled circles indicate significant effects (<i>P</i><0.05). Abund1, Abund2, Abund3 and Abund4 show abundance classes with <100, 100–1000, 1000–5000 and >5000 individuals, respectively.</p

The distribution of <i>C. mandshurica</i> and <i>A. barbinerve</i> in the old growth and secondary forest plots.

<p>The solid points represent the individuals of the two species. The contour lines refer to the topography of the two forest plots.</p