Microglia and Microglia-Like Cell Differentiated from DC Inhibit CD4 T Cell Proliferation

The central nervous system (CNS) is generally regarded as a site of immune privilege, whether the antigen presenting cells (APCs) are involved in the immune homeostasis of the CNS is largely unknown. Microglia and DCs are major APCs in physiological and pathological conditions, respectively. In this work, primary microglia and microglia-like cells obtained by co-culturing mature dendritic cells with CNS endothelial cells in vitro were functional evaluated. We found that microglia not only cannot prime CD4 T cells but also inhibit mature DCs (maDCs) initiated CD4 T cells proliferation. More importantly, endothelia from the CNS can differentiate maDCs into microglia-like cells (MLCs), which possess similar phenotype and immune inhibitory function as microglia. Soluble factors including NO lie behind the suppression of CD4 T cell proliferation induced by both microglia and MLCs. All the data indicate that under physiological conditions, microglia play important roles in maintaining immune homeostasis of the CNS, whereas in a pathological situation, the infiltrated DCs can be educated by the local microenvironment and differentiate into MLCs with inhibitory function

EU’s Perceptions in China: Teacher, Co-operator, Competitor and Troublemaker

Chinese people have four different perceptions of the European Union (EU): of a teacher, co-operator, competitor, and troublemaker. ‘Teacher’ means that the EU is the role model for China. Nowadays, the EU is a major destination for Chinese overseas students as well as one of the destinations where Chinese officials spend their overseas investigation trips. ‘Co-operator’ means the EU and China are partners rather than opponents. The cooperation between the EU and China is diversified and China shows a stronger intention to cooperate with the EU. In the economic field, the EU has become the largest trading partner of China, while China has been the second largest trading partner of the EU. China expects to coordinate and cooperate with the EU in matters concerning global affairs and local hot issues such as climate change, the fight against terrorism, resource and food safety protection, and the facilitation of international financial system reforms and global governance to improve each other’s right of speech in global governance. ‘Competitor’ means that the EU and China should compete against each other fairly in all fields, especially in the economic field, and meanwhile seize the market by dint of technical and price advantages rather than governmental intervention. ‘Troublemaker’ means that the EU often criticizes China’s inadequate efforts in the field of the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms, requiring China to establish a diversified society in accordance with EU values

RESEARCH AND PRACTICE ON CULTIVATING ENGINEERING ABILITY-ORIENTED STUDENTS WITH A MAJOR IN AUTOMATION

ABSTRACT Based on the school orientation, and CDIO engineering education model, the paper elaborates on the research and practice of the model to cultivate engineering ability-oriented and high-quality applicable students with a major in automation, by setting clearly defined cultivation objectives, exploring quality-oriented education, establishing the knowledge and ability system, developing training programs, integrating curriculum, launching practice and teaching platforms on and off campus, implementing educational reform, evaluating cultivation objectives and continuously adjusting the thoughts of the training aspects. This model has been implemented and achieved significant results in the Pilot Plan of Cultivating Excellent Engineers authorized by the Ministry of Education in Automation Department of our school

Additional file 1 of Lenvatinib with or without stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis: a retrospective study

Additional file 1. Table S1. Baseline characteristics of the subgroup. Table S2. Subsequent treatment

Microglia inhibit maDC-initiated proliferation of CD4 T cells.

<p>CD4 T cells from DO11.10×C57BL/6 F1 hybrid mice were cocultured with maDCs or/and microglia for 5 days. (a)The photos were taken in bright field (objective ×20). (b) The proliferation of CFSE-labeled CD4 T cells was detected by FACS after 3 days coculture. (c) The live CD4 T cells in the coculture system were counted by FACS. Data are presented as mean±s.d. of triplicate wells and representative of three independent experiments.^***<i>P</i><0.01.</p

A model of dynamic transformation of antigen presenting cells in CNS.

<p>Some special infection in the CNS can destroy neural tissues and endothelial cells of capillary, in this status, BBB was impaired followed by the entrance of monocytes and autoreactive T cells from peripheral blood. Monocytes will become mature DCs in the stimulation of inflammation factors secreted by the infected cells, after crossing the endothelia. New mature DCs derived from monocytes will capture the antigens of neural tissue, prime autoreactive T cells and lead to immunopathological injury. On the contrary, microglia activated by the inflammation factors can secrete high level of NO to inhibit T cell proliferation, even induce T cell apoptosis. The role of IL-10 secreted by microglia in the inhibitory function remains to be investigated. The infiltrated dendritic cells after priming might become inhibitory microglia like cells or microglia under the sustained influence of microenvironment. The cell-to-cell interaction played a key role in the differentiation of DC. The effects of TGF-β, M-CSF, VEGF secreted by activated endothelial cells remain to be investigated. Whether MLC will differentiate into microglia is unknown. Microglia and the transformation from priming dendritic cells to inhibitory microglia like cells and even microglia contribute to the remission of the autoimmune diseases of CNS.</p