As-built design specification for historical daily data bases for testing advanced models

There are no author-identified significant results in this report

Best Practices for Critical Information Infrastructure Protection (CIIP): Experiences from Latin America and the Caribbean and Selected Countries

Over the past few decades, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) has witnessed numerous changes in its development, with most being beneficial. Positive changes relate to sizable growth and expansion of the region’s network infrastructure sectors, such as transport, energy, and information and communications technologies (ICT), among others. In many cases, ICT interconnects these critical infrastructures, creating substructures referred to as critical information infrastructures (CIIs). This publication is written to provide insights to the strategic thinking behind the creation of the national critical information infrastructure protection (CIIP) frameworks. It also builds its recommendations on in-depth analysis of the best CIIP practices around the world, with consideration of the region-specific landscape to originate a base line from which further development can be delineated

As-built design specification for the digital derivation of daily and monthly data bases from synoptic observations of temperature and precipitation for the People's Republic of China

A data base of synoptic meteorological information was compiled for the People's Republic of China, as an integral part of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment. A system description is provided, including hardware and software specifications, computation algorithms and an evaluation of output validity. Operations are also outlined, with emphasis placed on least squares interpolation

Local Induction of Heat Shock Proteins using Magnetic Fluid hyperthermia for Ocular-Neuroprotection in Glaucoma

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

A closure mechanism for screech coupling in rectangular twin jets

Twin-jet configuration allows two different scenarios to close the screech feedback. For each jet, there is one loop involving disturbances which originate in that jet and arrive at its own receptivity point in-phase (self-excitation). The other loop is associated with free-stream acoustic waves that radiate from the other jet, reinforcing the self-excited screech (cross-excitation). In this work, the role of the free-stream acoustic mode and the guided jet mode as a closure mechanism for twin rectangular jet screech is explored by identifying eligible points of return for each path, where upstream waves propagating from such a point arrive at the receptivity location with an appropriate phase relation. Screech tones generated by these jets are found to be intermittent with an out-of-phase coupling as a dominant coupling mode. Instantaneous phase difference between the twin jets computed by the Hilbert transform suggests that a competition between out-of-phase and in-phase coupling is responsible for the intermittency. To model wave components of the screech feedback while ensuring perfect phase-locking, an ensemble average of leading spectral proper orthogonal decomposition modes is obtained from several segments of large-eddy simulations data that correspond to periods of invariant phase difference between the two jets. Each mode is then extracted by retaining relevant wavenumber components produced via a streamwise Fourier transform. Spatial cross-correlation analysis of the resulting modes shows that most of the identified points of return for the cross-excitation are synchronised with the guided jet mode self-excitation, supporting that it is preferred in closing rectangular twin-jet screech coupling

Impact of Education as a Social Determinant on the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Adults

Education is correlated with health literacy, which is a combination of reading and listening skills, data analysis, and decision-making during the necessary health situations. This study aims to evaluate the effect of education on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This is a population-based cross-sectional study using the 2019 nationwide survey data in Korea. There were 3951 study subjects, after excluding participants with missing data for key exposures and outcome variables. Descriptive statistics, χ2 (chi-square) test, and logistic regression were performed to analyze the data. The prevalence of T2DM was associated with educational attainment, sex, age, smoking status, physical activity, carbohydrate intake, and obesity. In the logistic regression model, the odds ratio (OR) of having T2DM was much lower among people educated in college or higher (OR = 0.49, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 0.34–0.64) than those with only or without primary education after adjusting for biological factors (sex, age) and health behaviors (smoking status, physical activity, carbohydrate intake, and obesity). This study shows that educational attainment is a significant social determinant influencing health outcomes both directly and indirectly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop policies to reduce the health inequity of T2DM caused by differences in educational attainment

Input-output analysis of high-speed turbulent jet noise

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. June 2018. Major: Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics. Advisor: Joseph Nichols. 1 computer file (PDF); xxi, 149 pages.We use input-output analysis to predict and understand the aeroacoustics of high-speed turbulent jets. We consider linear perturbations about Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solutions of ideally expanded, axisymmetric, compressible turbulent jets under various operating conditions. For jet noise, a key aspect of our method is the ability to spatially separate near-field input forcing (driven by nonlinear turbulence) from far-field acoustic output. Precisely the same idea, namely the separation of sources and outputs, forms the basis of traditional acoustic analogies. Different from the usual statistical descriptions of the acoustic source terms, input-output analysis provides a dynamical description based on modes correlated over significant distances within the flow. Specifically, we compute optimal and sub-optimal harmonic forcing functions and their corresponding linear responses governed either by the linearized Euler equations (LEE) or by the linearized Navier-Stokes (LNS) equations, using singular value decomposition of the resolvent operator. For supersonic jets, the optimal response closely resembles a wavepacket in both the near-field and the far-field such as those obtained by the parabolized stability equations (PSE), and this mode dominates the response. For subsonic jets, however, the singular values indicate that the contributions of sub-optimal modes to noise generation are nearly equal to that of the optimal mode, explaining why the PSE do not fully capture the far-field sound in this case. Furthermore, we utilize a high-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) data to assess the prevalence of sub-optimal modes in the unsteady data. By projecting the LES source term data onto input modes and the LES acoustic far-field onto output modes, respectively, we demonstrate that sub-optimal modes of both types are physically relevant. Far-field acoustics generated from turbulent jets are further modeled, using a Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) solver implemented directly within linear input-output analysis framework. Our hybrid input-output/FW-H method efficiently connects input fluctuations embedded in the jet turbulence to pressure outputs in the far-field, and recovers a significant portion of the LES acoustic energy. By repeating input-output analysis over a wide range of frequencies, we find that the far-field acoustic spectra broaden with increasing the radiation angles, as observed in experiments. To distill acoustically relevant sources, input forcings are further restricted by introducing a new weighting matrix, which selects forcing functions only in the region that contains high turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). We then find that input modes correspond exactly to wavepackets with asymmetric pseudo-Gaussian envelope functions. Furthermore, wavepackets obtained by input-output analysis collapse to a single shape when scaled by $St^{-0.5}$, where $St$ is the jet Strouhal number. This explains the success of recent theoretical models based on stochastic similarity wavepackets

A Study of Aerodynamics in Agriculture

Rosana G. Moreira, Editor-in-Chief; Texas A&M UniversityThis is an Invited Paper from International Commission of Agricultural Engineering (CIGR, Commission Internationale du Genie Rural) E-Journal Volume 5 (2003): I. Lee, C. Kang, J. Yun, J. Jeun, and G. Kim. A Study of Aerodynamics in Agriculture. Vol. V. December 2003