Menuju manufaktur berkelanjutan di Indonesia: Tantangan dan Kesempatan

Persaingan global mendorong Indonesia untuk memajukan ekonominya. Salah satu cara untuk menjawab tantangan  globalisasi ini adalah dengan menerapkan manufaktur berkelanjutan. Manufaktur berkelanjutan berawal dari manufaktur ramping, produksi bersih dan Life Cyle Assessment dengan memperhatikan keselamatan karyawan, konsumen dan masyarakat. Terdapat berbagai hambatan dalam implementasi manufaktur berkelanjutan. Indikator keberlanjutan suatu organisasi juga beragam, yang berdasar pada tiga aspek, yaitu ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan. Pada makalah ini akan dibahas bagaimana isu manufaktur berkelanjutan akan dilihat dari ketiga perspektif, yaitu sisi industri, pemerintah dan akademia, khususnya di Indonesia

PERILAKU KONSUMEN AKAN KEMUNGKINAN MENYUMBANGKAN PONSEL BEKAS KE PROGRAM PENGUMPULAN PONSEL UNTUK DIDAUR ULANG

Pertumbuhan pesat pasar ponsel di Indonesia berpotensi mengakibatkan ledakan limbah ponsel bekas di masa depan. Limbah ponsel bekas berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan manusia dan lingkungan. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasinya adalah dengan menyumbang ponsel bekas ke program pengumpulan ponsel untuk didaur ulang. Di Indonesia, program pengumpulan ponsel belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi mengenai perilaku penggunaan ponsel (usage behavior) dari konsumen yang menyumbang ponsel bekas ke program pengumpulan ponsel untuk didaur ulang, serta perilaku konsumen untuk menyumbang ponsel untuk didaur ulang.  Informasi ini diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi jumlah ponsel bekas yang berpotensi dikumpulkan untuk didaur ulang. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survey dengan cara menyebarkan kuesioner secara langsung dan online. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah accidental sampling. Jumlah sampel penelitian 200 responden. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data juga menunjukkan bahwa niat berperilaku konsumen di Jabodetabek untuk mendaur ulang ponsel bekas adalah netral, sedangkan niat berperilaku konsumen untuk menyumbang ponsel bekas ke program pengumpulan ponsel untuk didaur ulang adalah positif. Selanjutnya, diketahui adanya perbedaan niat berperilaku untuk mendaur ulang ponsel bekas dan menyumbang ponsel bekas ke program pengumpulan ponsel untuk didaur ulang, menurut jenis pekerjaan. Kata kunci: ponsel bekas, limbah elektronik, daur ulang, program pengumpulan, perilaku konsumen Abstract   The rapid growth of mobile phone market in Indonesia has a potential to lead to the mobile phone waste explosion in the future. Mobile phone waste poses a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. An effort that can be done to overcome them is by donating used mobile phone to the collection program of mobile phones for recycling. In Indonesia, people are still not familiar with mobile phone waste collection and there is still limited number of mobile phone collection programs existed. This study provides information on the mobile phone usage behavior of consumers who contributed to the collection program of mobile phones for recycling, as well as the consumer behavior of donating mobile phone for recycling. This information is expected to be used to predict the amount of potentially collected used mobile phones for recycling. The data was collected through survey by distributing questionnaires in person and online. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling. The sample sizes of consumer behavior of donating mobile phone for recycling research, are 200. Based on the data processing results, are known that consumer behavioral intention to recycle used mobile phone is neutral, while the behavioral intention to donate used mobile phone to the collection program of mobile phone for recycling is positive. Furthermore, the differences in recycling used mobile phone behavior and in donating used mobile phone to the collection program of mobile phone for recycling behavior between social groups differentiated by employment. Key words: used mobile phones, recycle, collection program, usage behavio

The Effects of National Cultural Traits on BOP Consumer Behavior

Scholars who aim to solve problems with poverty and a lack of resources often focus on bottom of pyramid (BOP) consumer groups. They propose that the traditional TOP (top of pyramid) business strategies are not suitable for BOP populations, and that it is crucial to determine and satisfy BOP consumption demands. The purpose of this study is to find out which factors influence BOP consumption, and to explore BOP integrated products. The concepts of “national cultural traits” and sustainable product design are also used. The findings will help enterprises learn how to make profits in BOP markets (addressing economic goals), while helping the poor get out of poverty (addressing social goals). Two different areas concerning BOP consumers are used to illustrate the results

Modeling of collection strategies for end-of-life products using coloured Petri Net

Currently various collection strategies are implemented in different parts of the world to collect End-of-Life (EOL) products. These strategies are specific to certain conditions in a particular region, involving different parties such as Original Equipment Manufacturers, Government or Councils, Recyclers, and the community. Since different collectors in the reverse logistics network will influence its performance, a suitable collection program is required. The objective of this research is to find an optimum collection strategy to suit various environments by considering the costs and the environmental aspects of collection. To design optimum collection strategies, information on the rate of EOL product returns is essential. Therefore, a methodology is proposed to forecast the return of EOL products by considering product life, consumer behavior and historical sales. This forecast model is then integrated into the collection strategy model. The integrated model is dynamically formulated to present the behavior of different sets of strategies. Colored Petri Net (CPN) approach is utilized in the forecasting and modeling of collection strategies. The distinct characteristic of CPN provides the ability to model uncertainties in a system. Some case studies were conducted in Australia to verify and to validate the models. The results indicate that the integrated model will help practitioners in making decisions on implementing a suitable collection strategy for Reverse Logistics

Co-Development of Supply Chain in the BOP Markets

The challenge for enterprises to enter the market in the bottom of the pyramid (BOP) segment is to revise their supply chain design. This article compiles the cases that demonstrate how enterprises can successfully enter BOP markets. Factors are extracted and analyzed according to the stages of the value chain and the supply chain. Furthermore, the Importance—Performance Analysis (IPA) is used to explore the gap and the opportunities for improvement. Also, the multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Taiwan and local manufacturers in Indonesia are compared for their suitability to the different business strategies. Results of these analyses could serve as a gap analysis tool for decision-making and business strategies entering the BOP market

Fludarabine Downregulates Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase in Tumors via a Proteasome-Mediated Degradation Mechanism

<div><p>Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is found in multiple malignancies and exerts immunosuppressive effects that are central in protecting tumors from host T lymphocyte rejection. IDO is an enzyme involved in the catabolism of tryptophan resulting in inhibition of T lymphocyte function. While inhibition of IDO enzymatic activity results in tumor rejection, it is still unknown how we can directly target IDO expression within tumors using drugs. We have chosen to interfere with IDO expression by targeting the key-signaling event signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1). We evaluated the efficacy of fludarabine, previously described to inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation. Interestingly, fludarabine was efficient in suppressing protein expression and consequently IDO activity in two different cell lines derived from breast cancer and melanoma when IDO was activated with interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) or supernatants prepared from activated T lymphocytes. However, fludarabine had no inhibitory effect on STAT1 phosphorylation. Other IFN-γ-responsive genes were only marginally inhibited by fludarabine. The level of IDO transcript was unaffected by this inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of post-transcriptional control. Strikingly, we have found that the inhibition of proteasome partially protected IDO from fludarabine-induced degradation, indicating that fludarabine induces IDO degradation through a proteasome-dependent pathway. Currently used in the clinic to treat some malignancies, fludarabine has the potential for use in the treatment of human tumors through induction of IDO degradation and consequently, for the promotion of T cell-mediated anti-tumor response.</p></div

Fludarabine inhibits IDO protein independently of STAT1 phosphorylation on Y710 and S727.

<p><b>A-</b> PBMC were pre-treated with the indicated concentrations of fludarabine or DMSO (vehicle) for 24 h. Cells were washed and activated for 30 min (pSTAT1) or 24 h (total STAT1 and β-actin) with 50 U/ml of IFN-γ. <b>B-</b> MDA-231 were pre-treated with 100 µM fludarabine before activation with 50 U/ml of IFN-γ, anti-CD3 (OKT3) or IgG2a-activated TIL supernatants (Sup.). <b>C-</b> 624.38mel were pre-treated with 50 µM fludarabine, and cultured with anti-CD3 (OKT3) or IgG2a-activated CD4⁺ T lymphocyte supernatants. <b>B-C</b> Cells were harvested after 30 min (pSTAT1, STAT1 and β-actin) or 24 h (IDO and β-actin). <b>A-C</b> Proteins were extracted for immunoblot analysis. Results are representative of three independent experiments.</p